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즉 인간의 모든 동기는 하나의 원칙 즉 자신의 쾌락을 극대화하려는 욕구로 환원될 수 있다고 주장하고 있는 것이다. 그런데 벤담은 우리 인간이 쾌락을 추구하고 고통을 회피하려는 것은 이성에 의해서가 아니고, 본능적이며 감정적인 욕구에 의한 것이라고 보고 있다. 여기서 벤담은 심리학적 쾌락주의(psycholgical hedonism)의 입장에서 그의 공리주의 이론을 전개하고 있음을 알 수 있다. “심리학적 쾌락주의란 나의 의지가 전적으로, 그리고 오직 현재 및 미래의 쾌락과 고통에 의해서 결정된다는 하는 원리이다.”(C.D.Broad, 1971: 180) 다시 말해서 심리학적 쾌락주의란 모든 인간행위에 있어서 근본적인 동기가 되는 것은 항상 쾌락에 대한 욕구라고 하는 이론이다. 그는 이 쾌락과 고통을 ‘심리적 참 實體’(psychological real entities)라고 보아 인간 행위의 선악, 옳고 그름을 판단하는 기준이라고 생각했다. 인간은 누구나 쾌락을 추구해야 한다는 그의 윤리학적 쾌락주의(ethical hedonism)는 이 심리학적 쾌락주의에 기초한 것이다.
벤담은 功利性의 원리를 우리들의 행복을 증진시키느냐 감소시키느냐에 따라 어떤 행동을 승인하고 거부하는 원리라고 …
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