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중추신경계 재생에 관한 문헌고찰
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자료설명
중추신경계의 재생과 관련하여,중추신경계 손상 후 회복과 그와 관련된 몇가지 요소들을 작성했습니다.
up중추신경계재생에관한문헌고찰
up중추신경계재생에관한문헌고찰
목차/차례
I. 서론
II. 본론
◎ references
II. 본론
1. 중추신경계 손상 후 회복
2. 중추신경계 손상 후 회복에 관련된 요소들
III. 결론◎ references
본문/내용
중추신경계의 손상부위에서 대식세포(Macrophage)의 식작용은 중추신경계의 신경재생 및 회복을 촉진한다는 것은 이미 잘 알려져 있는 사실이다(Rachelle,1998). 비록 이 사실의 결과가 임상적으로 적용이 되는데는 조심성이 따르지만 그러나 이것은 중추신경계 손상에 대한 치료의 한 부분에서, 방법에 있어 발전을 가능하게 하였다. 대부분의 조직에서 손상을 입으면, 대식세포는 손상부위에 처음 몇시간 또는 몇일간 빠르게 침입한다(Lazarov 등, 1999). 그리고, 손상으로 생긴 부산물인 파편(debris)을 손상부위에서 제거한다(Rachelle, 1996).
손상 후 재생에 있어서 대식세포는 조직의 치유 과정에 중요한 역할을 담당한다(Danon 등, 1997; Schwartz 등, 1999; Lazarov 등, 1996). 또한 대식세포는 치유를 촉진하는 cytokines과 growth factors를 방출한다. cytokines과 그 유사물질들은 중추신경계 손상 후 신경교세포(glial cell) 반응을 조절한다(Schwartz 등, 1994).
중추신경계 손상이 일어나면 중추신경계의 어떤 axons은 재생기능을 가지고 있지만, 둘러싸인 신경교세포의 억제적 성질 때문에 그 재생 기능을 상실하게 된다(Blaugrund 등, 1992). 다시 말해…(생략)
손상 후 재생에 있어서 대식세포는 조직의 치유 과정에 중요한 역할을 담당한다(Danon 등, 1997; Schwartz 등, 1999; Lazarov 등, 1996). 또한 대식세포는 치유를 촉진하는 cytokines과 growth factors를 방출한다. cytokines과 그 유사물질들은 중추신경계 손상 후 신경교세포(glial cell) 반응을 조절한다(Schwartz 등, 1994).
중추신경계 손상이 일어나면 중추신경계의 어떤 axons은 재생기능을 가지고 있지만, 둘러싸인 신경교세포의 억제적 성질 때문에 그 재생 기능을 상실하게 된다(Blaugrund 등, 1992). 다시 말해…(생략)
참고문헌
Aigner L, Caroni P : Absence of persistent spreading, branching, and adhesion in GAP-43 depleted growth cones, J Cell Biology 128 : 647-660, 1995
Ann L : Spinal cord repair takes a step forward, The Lancet 349(9062) : p1372, 1997
Bisby MA, Tetzlaff W : Changes in cytoskeletal protein synthesis following axon injury and during axon regeneration, Mol Neurobiol. 6 : 107-123, 1992
Blakemore WF : Pattern of remyelination in the CNS, Nature 249 : 577-578, 1974
Blakemore WF : Observations on remyelination in the rabbit spinal cord following demyelination induced by lysolecithin, Neuropathol App Neurobiol 19 : 173-181, 1978
Blaugrund E, Duvdevani R, Lavie V, et al : Disappearance of astrocytes and invasion of macrophages following crush injury of adult rodent optic nerves: implications for regeneration, Exp Neurol 118(1): 105-115, 1992
Brosamle C, Schwab ME : Axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS, Seminars in The Neurosciences 8 : 107-113, 1996
Bunge MB, Bunge RP, Ris H : Ultrastructural study of remyelination in an experimental lesion in the adult cat spinal cord, J Biophys Biochem Cytol 10 : 67-94, 1961
Caroni P, Schwabb ME : Antibody against myelin-associated inhibitor of neurite growth neutralizes nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS white matter, Neuron 1 : 85-96, 1988
Carroll WM, Jennings AR, Ironside LJ : Identification of the adult resting progenitor cell by autoradiographic tracking of oligodendrocyte precursors in experimental CNS demyelination, Brain 121 : 293-302, 1998
Chen MS, Huber AB, Van der Haar ME, et al : Nogo Ais a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor and an antigen for monoclonal antibody IN-1, Nature 403(6768) : 434-439, 2000
Crang AJ, Gilson JM, Blakemore WF : The demonstration by transplantation of the very restricted remyelinating potential of post mitotic oligodendrocytes, J Neurocytology 27 : 541-553, 1998
Daniel HL, Jack MP : Brain, Heal thyself, Science 283(5405) : 1126-1127, 1999
Danon D, Madjar J, Edinov E, et al : Treatment of human ulcers by application of macrophages prepared from a blood unit, Exp Gerontol 32(6) : 633-641, 1997
David S, Aguayo AJ : Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous system `bridges` after central nervous system injury in adult rats, Science 214 : 931-933, 1981
Doster SK, Lozano AM, Aguayo AJ, et al : Expression of the growth associated protein GAP-43in adult rat retinal ganglion cells following axon injury, Neuron 6 : 635-647, 1991
Fawcett JW: Astrocytic and neuronal factors affecting axon regeneration in the damaged central nervous system, Cell & Tissue Research 290 : 371-377, 1997
Fehlings MG, Tator CH : A review of Spinal cord regeneration, Adv Trauma 3 : 223-239, 1988
Fisher LJ : Neural precursor cells: applications for the study and repair of the central nervous system, Neurobiol Dis. 4 : 1-22, 1997
Franklin RJM : Remyelination-A regenerative process in the CNS, The Neuroscientist 5 : 184-191, 1999
Franklin RJM, Crang AJ, Blakemore WF : Transplanted type-1 as trocytesfacilitate repair of demyelinating lesions by host oligodendrocytes in adult rat spinal cord, J Neurocytol 20 : 420-430, 1991
Gage FH : Cell therapy, Nature 392 : 18-24, 1998
Godfraind C, Friedrich VL, Holmes KV, et al : In vivo analysis of glial cell phenotypes during a viral demylinating disease in mice, J Cell Biol 109 : 2405-2416, 1989
Goldberg JL, Barres BA : Nogo in nerve regeneration, Nature 403(6768) : 369-370, 2000
Grand Pre T, Nakamura F, Vartanian T, et al : Identification of the Nogo inhibitor of axon regeneration as a reticulon protein, Nature 403 : 439-444, 2000
Groves AK, Barnett SC, Franklin RJ, et al : Repair of demyelination lesions by transplantation of purified O-2A progenitor cells, Nature 362 : 453-455, 1993
Hauben E, Nevo U, Yoles E, et al : Autoimmune T cells as potential neuroprotective therapy for spinal cord injury, The Lancet 355(9200) : 286-287, 2000.
Hems TEJ, Glasby MA : Prospects for the treatment of spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 78-B(2) : 176-177, 1996
Herdegen T, Vastmeyer M, Bahr M, et al : Expression of JUN, KROX, and CREB transcription factors in goldfish and rat retinal ganglion cells following optic nerve lesion in related to axonal sprouting, J Neurobiology 24 : 528-543, 1993
Hirschberg DL, Schwartz M : Macrophage recruitment to acutely injured central nervous system is inhibited by a resident factor: a basis for an immune-brain barrier, J Neuroimmunol 61(1) : 89-96, 1995
Huang DW, McKerracher L, Braun PE, et al : A therapeutic vaccine approach to stimulate axon regeneration in the adult mammalian spinal cord, Neuron 24 : 639-647, 2000
Iwashita Y, Kawaguchi S, Murata M : Restoration of function by replacement of spinal cord segments in the rat, Nature 367 : 167-170, 1994
Jeffery ND, Blakemore WF : Locomotor deficits induced by experimental spinal cord demyelination are abolished by spontaneous remyelination, Brain 120 : 27-37, 1997
Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, et al : Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system, Cell 96(1) : 25-34, 1999
Kathryn S : Spinal-cord repair: are we getting closer?, The Lancet 355(9212) : pp1340, 2000
Lamya SS, Jasodhara R, Fred HG : Stem cell technology for basic science and clinical applications, Archives of Neurology 56(1) : 29-32, 1999
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Solomon AS, Schwartz M : peripheral nerve-stimulated maxrophages simulated a peripheral nerve-like regenerative response in rat transected optic nerve, Glia 24(3): 329-337, 1998
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Solomon AS, Zeev-Brann AB, et al : Transplantation of activated macrophages overcomes central nervous system regrowth failure, FASEB J 10(11) : 1296-1302, 1996
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Rapalino O, Agranov G, et al : Restricted inflammatory reaction in the CNS : a key impediment to axonal regeneration?, Mol Med Today 4(8): 337-342, 1998
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Solomon AS, Schwartz M : Link between optic nerve regrowth failure and macrophage stimulation in mammals, Vision Res 39(1): 169-175, 1999
Liu X, Linnington C, Webster HD, et al : Insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment reduces immune cell responses in acute non-demyelinative experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J Neuroscience Research 47 : 531-538, 1997
Ludwin SK, Bakker DA : Can oligodendrocytes attached to nuclei proliferate?, J Neuroscience 8 : 1239-1244, 1988
Malcolm ASM : `Turning Brain into Blood`-Clinical applications of stem-cell research in meurobiology and hematology, The New England Journal of Medicine 341(8) : 605-607, 1999
Marc TL, Corey SG : Regeneration in the Nogo zone, Science 287(5454) : 813-814, 2000
McKerracher L, Essagian C, Aguayo AJ : Temporal changes in beta-tubulin and neurofilament mRNA levels after transection of adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve, J Neuroscience 13 : 2617-2626, 1993
McKerracher L, Essagian C, Aguayo AJ : Marked increase in beta-tubulin mRNA ezpression during regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult mammals, J Neuroscience 13 : 5294-5300, 1993
McTigue DM, Horner PJ, Stokes BT, et al : Neurotrophin-3 and brain-cerived neurotrophic factor induce oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelination of regenerating axons in the contused adult rat spinal cord, The Journal of Neuroscience 18(14) : 5354-5365, 1998
Morrison SJ, Shah NM, Anderson DJ : regulatory mechani는 in stem cell biology, Cell 88 : 287-298, 1997
Pincus DW, Goodman RR, Fraser RAR, et al : Neural stem and progenitor cells: a strategy for gene therapy and brain repair, Neurosurgery 42 : 858-868, 1998
Powell EM, Meiners S, Diprospero NA, et al : Mechani는 of astrocyte-directed neurite guidance, Cell & Tissue Research 290(2) : 385-393, 1997
Prinjha R, Moore SE, Vinson M, et al : Inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in humans, Nature 403 : 383-384, 2000
Rachelle HBF: Macrophages help nerves regenerate, The Lancet 348(9033) : pp1020, 1996
Rachelle HBF : Extraneuronal milieu determines spinal cord injury repair in rats, The Lancet 352(9122) : p119, 1998
Ray J, Palmer TD, Suhonen J, et al : Neurogenesis in the adult brain: lessons learned from the studies of progenitor cells from the embryonic and adult central nervous system, Springer-verlag Inc : p129-149, 1997
Robaey SM, Clarke DB, Wang YC, et al : Effects of ocular injury and administration of brain derived neurotrophic factor on survival and regrowth of axotomized retinal ganglion cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 : 1632-1636, 1994
Schawb ME, Caroni P : Oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin are nonpermissive substrates for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading in vitro, Neurosci. 8 : 2381- , 1988
Schnell L, Schneider R, Kolbeck R, et al : Neurotrophin-3 enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract during development and after adult spinal cord lesion, Nature 367 : 170-173, 1994
Schwartw M, Cohen I, Lazarov-Spiegler O, et al : The remedy may lie in ourselves: prospects for immune cell therapy in central nervous system protection and repair, J Mol Med 77(10): 713-717, 1999
Schwartz M, Lazarov-Spiegler O, Rapalino O, et al : potential repair of rat spinal cord injuries using stimulated homologous macrophages, Neurosurgery 44(5) : 1041-1045, 1999
Schwartz M, Sivron T, Eitan S, et al : Cytokines and cytokine-related substances regulating glial cell response to injury of the central nervous system, Prog Brain Res 1: 1-41, 1994
Seung UK, Eiji N, Atsushi N, et al : Generation of human neural stem cell lines and brain transplantation in animal models of parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis, Archives of Neurology 57(8) : p1238, 2000
Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, et al : Basic neurochemistry molecular, cellular and medical aspects 6th edition, Lippincott williams & wilkins : 589-612, 1999
Smith KJ, Blakemore WF, McDonald WI : Central remyelination restores secure conduction, Nature 280 : 395-396, 1979
Snyder EY, Flax JD, Yandava BD, et al : Transplantation and differentiation of neural `stem-like` cells: possible insights into development and therapeutic potential, Springer-Vedag Inc : p173-196, 1997
Stephen JAD, Michael TF, Stacey PM, et al : Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system, Nature 390(6661) : 680-683, 1997
Steve SWH, Itzhak F : Neural stem cells and gene therapy: Prospects for repairing the injured sping cord, JAMA 283(17) : 2300-2301, 2000
Tetzlaff W, Alexandem SW, Miller FD, et al : Response of facial and rubrospinal neurons to axotomy: changes in mRNA expression for cytoskeletal proteins and GAP-43, J Neuroscience 11 : 2528-2544, 1991
Thanos S, Kacza J, Seeger J, et al : Old dyes for new scopes: the phagocytosis dependent long-term fluroescence labelling of microglial cells in vivo, Trends Neuroscience 17 : 177-182, 1994
Thanos S, Pavlidis C, Mey J, et al : Specific transcellular staining of microglia in the adult rat after traumatic degeneration of carbocyanine-filled retinal ganglion cells, Exp Eye Res. 55 : 101-117, 1992
Whittemore SR, Snyder EY : The biological relevance and functional potential of central nervous system-derived cell lines, Mol Neurobiol. 12 : 13-38, 1997
Wood PM, Bunge RP : the origin of remyelinating cells in the adult central nervous system: the role of the mature oligodendrocyte, Glia 4 : 225-232, 1991
Ann L : Spinal cord repair takes a step forward, The Lancet 349(9062) : p1372, 1997
Bisby MA, Tetzlaff W : Changes in cytoskeletal protein synthesis following axon injury and during axon regeneration, Mol Neurobiol. 6 : 107-123, 1992
Blakemore WF : Pattern of remyelination in the CNS, Nature 249 : 577-578, 1974
Blakemore WF : Observations on remyelination in the rabbit spinal cord following demyelination induced by lysolecithin, Neuropathol App Neurobiol 19 : 173-181, 1978
Blaugrund E, Duvdevani R, Lavie V, et al : Disappearance of astrocytes and invasion of macrophages following crush injury of adult rodent optic nerves: implications for regeneration, Exp Neurol 118(1): 105-115, 1992
Brosamle C, Schwab ME : Axonal regeneration in the mammalian CNS, Seminars in The Neurosciences 8 : 107-113, 1996
Bunge MB, Bunge RP, Ris H : Ultrastructural study of remyelination in an experimental lesion in the adult cat spinal cord, J Biophys Biochem Cytol 10 : 67-94, 1961
Caroni P, Schwabb ME : Antibody against myelin-associated inhibitor of neurite growth neutralizes nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS white matter, Neuron 1 : 85-96, 1988
Carroll WM, Jennings AR, Ironside LJ : Identification of the adult resting progenitor cell by autoradiographic tracking of oligodendrocyte precursors in experimental CNS demyelination, Brain 121 : 293-302, 1998
Chen MS, Huber AB, Van der Haar ME, et al : Nogo Ais a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor and an antigen for monoclonal antibody IN-1, Nature 403(6768) : 434-439, 2000
Crang AJ, Gilson JM, Blakemore WF : The demonstration by transplantation of the very restricted remyelinating potential of post mitotic oligodendrocytes, J Neurocytology 27 : 541-553, 1998
Daniel HL, Jack MP : Brain, Heal thyself, Science 283(5405) : 1126-1127, 1999
Danon D, Madjar J, Edinov E, et al : Treatment of human ulcers by application of macrophages prepared from a blood unit, Exp Gerontol 32(6) : 633-641, 1997
David S, Aguayo AJ : Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous system `bridges` after central nervous system injury in adult rats, Science 214 : 931-933, 1981
Doster SK, Lozano AM, Aguayo AJ, et al : Expression of the growth associated protein GAP-43in adult rat retinal ganglion cells following axon injury, Neuron 6 : 635-647, 1991
Fawcett JW: Astrocytic and neuronal factors affecting axon regeneration in the damaged central nervous system, Cell & Tissue Research 290 : 371-377, 1997
Fehlings MG, Tator CH : A review of Spinal cord regeneration, Adv Trauma 3 : 223-239, 1988
Fisher LJ : Neural precursor cells: applications for the study and repair of the central nervous system, Neurobiol Dis. 4 : 1-22, 1997
Franklin RJM : Remyelination-A regenerative process in the CNS, The Neuroscientist 5 : 184-191, 1999
Franklin RJM, Crang AJ, Blakemore WF : Transplanted type-1 as trocytesfacilitate repair of demyelinating lesions by host oligodendrocytes in adult rat spinal cord, J Neurocytol 20 : 420-430, 1991
Gage FH : Cell therapy, Nature 392 : 18-24, 1998
Godfraind C, Friedrich VL, Holmes KV, et al : In vivo analysis of glial cell phenotypes during a viral demylinating disease in mice, J Cell Biol 109 : 2405-2416, 1989
Goldberg JL, Barres BA : Nogo in nerve regeneration, Nature 403(6768) : 369-370, 2000
Grand Pre T, Nakamura F, Vartanian T, et al : Identification of the Nogo inhibitor of axon regeneration as a reticulon protein, Nature 403 : 439-444, 2000
Groves AK, Barnett SC, Franklin RJ, et al : Repair of demyelination lesions by transplantation of purified O-2A progenitor cells, Nature 362 : 453-455, 1993
Hauben E, Nevo U, Yoles E, et al : Autoimmune T cells as potential neuroprotective therapy for spinal cord injury, The Lancet 355(9200) : 286-287, 2000.
Hems TEJ, Glasby MA : Prospects for the treatment of spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 78-B(2) : 176-177, 1996
Herdegen T, Vastmeyer M, Bahr M, et al : Expression of JUN, KROX, and CREB transcription factors in goldfish and rat retinal ganglion cells following optic nerve lesion in related to axonal sprouting, J Neurobiology 24 : 528-543, 1993
Hirschberg DL, Schwartz M : Macrophage recruitment to acutely injured central nervous system is inhibited by a resident factor: a basis for an immune-brain barrier, J Neuroimmunol 61(1) : 89-96, 1995
Huang DW, McKerracher L, Braun PE, et al : A therapeutic vaccine approach to stimulate axon regeneration in the adult mammalian spinal cord, Neuron 24 : 639-647, 2000
Iwashita Y, Kawaguchi S, Murata M : Restoration of function by replacement of spinal cord segments in the rat, Nature 367 : 167-170, 1994
Jeffery ND, Blakemore WF : Locomotor deficits induced by experimental spinal cord demyelination are abolished by spontaneous remyelination, Brain 120 : 27-37, 1997
Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, et al : Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system, Cell 96(1) : 25-34, 1999
Kathryn S : Spinal-cord repair: are we getting closer?, The Lancet 355(9212) : pp1340, 2000
Lamya SS, Jasodhara R, Fred HG : Stem cell technology for basic science and clinical applications, Archives of Neurology 56(1) : 29-32, 1999
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Solomon AS, Schwartz M : peripheral nerve-stimulated maxrophages simulated a peripheral nerve-like regenerative response in rat transected optic nerve, Glia 24(3): 329-337, 1998
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Solomon AS, Zeev-Brann AB, et al : Transplantation of activated macrophages overcomes central nervous system regrowth failure, FASEB J 10(11) : 1296-1302, 1996
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Rapalino O, Agranov G, et al : Restricted inflammatory reaction in the CNS : a key impediment to axonal regeneration?, Mol Med Today 4(8): 337-342, 1998
Lazarov-Spiegler O, Solomon AS, Schwartz M : Link between optic nerve regrowth failure and macrophage stimulation in mammals, Vision Res 39(1): 169-175, 1999
Liu X, Linnington C, Webster HD, et al : Insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment reduces immune cell responses in acute non-demyelinative experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J Neuroscience Research 47 : 531-538, 1997
Ludwin SK, Bakker DA : Can oligodendrocytes attached to nuclei proliferate?, J Neuroscience 8 : 1239-1244, 1988
Malcolm ASM : `Turning Brain into Blood`-Clinical applications of stem-cell research in meurobiology and hematology, The New England Journal of Medicine 341(8) : 605-607, 1999
Marc TL, Corey SG : Regeneration in the Nogo zone, Science 287(5454) : 813-814, 2000
McKerracher L, Essagian C, Aguayo AJ : Temporal changes in beta-tubulin and neurofilament mRNA levels after transection of adult rat retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic nerve, J Neuroscience 13 : 2617-2626, 1993
McKerracher L, Essagian C, Aguayo AJ : Marked increase in beta-tubulin mRNA ezpression during regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells in adult mammals, J Neuroscience 13 : 5294-5300, 1993
McTigue DM, Horner PJ, Stokes BT, et al : Neurotrophin-3 and brain-cerived neurotrophic factor induce oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelination of regenerating axons in the contused adult rat spinal cord, The Journal of Neuroscience 18(14) : 5354-5365, 1998
Morrison SJ, Shah NM, Anderson DJ : regulatory mechani는 in stem cell biology, Cell 88 : 287-298, 1997
Pincus DW, Goodman RR, Fraser RAR, et al : Neural stem and progenitor cells: a strategy for gene therapy and brain repair, Neurosurgery 42 : 858-868, 1998
Powell EM, Meiners S, Diprospero NA, et al : Mechani는 of astrocyte-directed neurite guidance, Cell & Tissue Research 290(2) : 385-393, 1997
Prinjha R, Moore SE, Vinson M, et al : Inhibitor of neurite outgrowth in humans, Nature 403 : 383-384, 2000
Rachelle HBF: Macrophages help nerves regenerate, The Lancet 348(9033) : pp1020, 1996
Rachelle HBF : Extraneuronal milieu determines spinal cord injury repair in rats, The Lancet 352(9122) : p119, 1998
Ray J, Palmer TD, Suhonen J, et al : Neurogenesis in the adult brain: lessons learned from the studies of progenitor cells from the embryonic and adult central nervous system, Springer-verlag Inc : p129-149, 1997
Robaey SM, Clarke DB, Wang YC, et al : Effects of ocular injury and administration of brain derived neurotrophic factor on survival and regrowth of axotomized retinal ganglion cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 : 1632-1636, 1994
Schawb ME, Caroni P : Oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin are nonpermissive substrates for neurite growth and fibroblast spreading in vitro, Neurosci. 8 : 2381- , 1988
Schnell L, Schneider R, Kolbeck R, et al : Neurotrophin-3 enhances sprouting of corticospinal tract during development and after adult spinal cord lesion, Nature 367 : 170-173, 1994
Schwartw M, Cohen I, Lazarov-Spiegler O, et al : The remedy may lie in ourselves: prospects for immune cell therapy in central nervous system protection and repair, J Mol Med 77(10): 713-717, 1999
Schwartz M, Lazarov-Spiegler O, Rapalino O, et al : potential repair of rat spinal cord injuries using stimulated homologous macrophages, Neurosurgery 44(5) : 1041-1045, 1999
Schwartz M, Sivron T, Eitan S, et al : Cytokines and cytokine-related substances regulating glial cell response to injury of the central nervous system, Prog Brain Res 1: 1-41, 1994
Seung UK, Eiji N, Atsushi N, et al : Generation of human neural stem cell lines and brain transplantation in animal models of parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis, Archives of Neurology 57(8) : p1238, 2000
Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, et al : Basic neurochemistry molecular, cellular and medical aspects 6th edition, Lippincott williams & wilkins : 589-612, 1999
Smith KJ, Blakemore WF, McDonald WI : Central remyelination restores secure conduction, Nature 280 : 395-396, 1979
Snyder EY, Flax JD, Yandava BD, et al : Transplantation and differentiation of neural `stem-like` cells: possible insights into development and therapeutic potential, Springer-Vedag Inc : p173-196, 1997
Stephen JAD, Michael TF, Stacey PM, et al : Regeneration of adult axons in white matter tracts of the central nervous system, Nature 390(6661) : 680-683, 1997
Steve SWH, Itzhak F : Neural stem cells and gene therapy: Prospects for repairing the injured sping cord, JAMA 283(17) : 2300-2301, 2000
Tetzlaff W, Alexandem SW, Miller FD, et al : Response of facial and rubrospinal neurons to axotomy: changes in mRNA expression for cytoskeletal proteins and GAP-43, J Neuroscience 11 : 2528-2544, 1991
Thanos S, Kacza J, Seeger J, et al : Old dyes for new scopes: the phagocytosis dependent long-term fluroescence labelling of microglial cells in vivo, Trends Neuroscience 17 : 177-182, 1994
Thanos S, Pavlidis C, Mey J, et al : Specific transcellular staining of microglia in the adult rat after traumatic degeneration of carbocyanine-filled retinal ganglion cells, Exp Eye Res. 55 : 101-117, 1992
Whittemore SR, Snyder EY : The biological relevance and functional potential of central nervous system-derived cell lines, Mol Neurobiol. 12 : 13-38, 1997
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