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힌두교적 왕권: 신격화된 데바라자 왕권 개념에 대한 비판적 고찰
람캄행 왕 시대 ‘포쿤’의 개념에 포함되어 있는 불교적 왕권은 수코타이 시대 말기인 리타이(Lithai 재위 1347-1368) 왕 때 보다 구체적인 성격을 띠고, 아유타야 시대(1351-1767) 이후 태국 왕들의 왕권에서 제도화되어 보다 명백한 형태를 취한다. 리타이 왕은 종종 “마하탐마라차(Mahathammaracha) 1세”라고도 불리는 그 칭호에서 짐작할 수 있는 것처럼, 강한 불교적 성향을 지녔던 인물로 보인다. ‘마하탐마라차’는 상좌부(上座部 Theravada)불교 경전언어인 팔리(Pali)어의 ‘마하 담마라자’(mahā dhammarāja)에서 파생한 것으로, ‘불법(佛法)에 입각한 위대한 왕’을 뜻한다. 그는 이미 왕자 시절에 불교의 우주론인 ꡔ뜨라이부미까타ꡕ(Traibhumikatha 三界論)를 쓸 정도로 불교에 깊은 관심을 지녔다. Griswold, A. B. and Prasert Na Nagara(1975), op.cit., p.50.
1361년에 세운 비문에 의하면, 그는 불교경전 총체인 삼장(Tripitaka 三藏) 가운데 특히 율장(Vinaya 律藏)과 논장(Abhidhamma 論藏)을 공부했으며 10가지 왕으로서의 덕목에 합당한 통치를 했다.
그러나 동일한 비문은 그가 1349년에 시바(Shiva) 신상과 비슈누(Vishnu) 신상을 “모든 수도자들과 브라만 승려들이 영원히 경배할 수 있도록” 한 브라만 사원에 세웠다고 전한다. Griswold, A. B. and Prasert Na Nagara(1973). `The Epigraphy of Mahādharmarājā I of Sukhodaya,` Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 61, Pt. 1, pp.137-138.
그리스월드와 쁘라섯 나 나콘은 리타이 왕이 이 시점에 힌…
그리스월드와 쁘…
그리스월드와 쁘…
참고문헌
조흥국(1992-1993). “태국의 1885년 개혁건의문 분석,” ｢한국태국학회논총｣, 제5호, 127-155.
Akin Rabibhadana(1969). The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1782-1873, Ithaca: Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University.
Batson, Benjamin A.(1984). The End of the Absolute Monarchy in Siam, Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Battye, N. A.(1974). `The Military, Government and Society in Siam, 1868-1910: Politics and Military Reform During the Reign of King Chulalongkorn,` Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.
Bouvet, Père(1963). Voiage de Siam, in: J. C. Gatty, Voiage de Siam du Pere Bouvet, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Busakorn Lailert(1972). `The Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty 1688-1767: A Study of the Thai Monarchy During the Closing Years of the Ayuthya Period,` Ph.D. dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Chulalongkorn(1975). `Phra ratcha damrat top khuam hen khong phu ca hai plian kanpokkhrong[통치를 바꾸려는 자들의 생각에 대한 왕의 답],` in: Chaianan Samutwanit and Khattiya Kannasut(eds.), Ekasan kan muang kan pokkhrong thai ph.s. 2417-2477[1874년-1934년 태국 정치 및 행정 문헌], Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich.
Coedès, George(1963). Angkor: An Introduction, Translated and Edited by Emily Floyd Gardiner. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Damrong Rachanuphap, Krom Phraya(1952). Phraratcha phongsawadan chabap phraratcha hatthalekha[왕친필본 왕실연대기], Bangkok: Odeon Store.
Damrong Rajanubhab(1926). `The Introduction of Western Culture in Siam,` Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 20, Pt. 2, 89-100.
Dhani, Prince(1954). `The Old Siamese Conception of the Monarchy,` Selected Articles From the Siam Society Journal, Volume II. Bangkok: The Siam Society, 160-175.
Filliozat, J.(1966). `New Researches on the Relations between India and Cambodia,` Indica, Vol. 3, 95-106.
Gervaise, Nicolas(1688). Histoire Naturelle et Politique du Royaume de Siam, Paris: Claude Barbin.
Griswold, A. B.(1961). King Mongkut of Siam, New York: The Asia Society.
Griswold, A. B. and Prasert Na Nagara(1973). `The Epigraphy of Mahādharmarājā I of Sukhodaya,` Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 61, Pt. 1, 71-181.
Griswold, A. B. and Prasert Na Nagara(1975). `On Kingship and Society at Sukhodaya,` in: G. William Skinner and A. Thomas Kirsch(eds.), Change and Persistence in Thai Society, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hall, D. G. E.(1966). A History of South-East Asia, London: MacMillan.
Heine-Geldern, Robert(1956). `Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia,` Data Paper No. 18, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.
Hutchinson, E. W.(1968). 1688 Revolution in Siam: The Memoir of Father de Bèze, s.j., Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Ishii, Yoneo(1986). Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History, Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press.
Kaempfer, Engelbert(1987). A Description of the Kingdom of Siam 1690, Bangkok: White Orchid.
Kemp, Jeremy(1969). Aspects of Siamese Kingship in the Seventeenth Century, Bangkok: The Social Science Review.
Kotmai Tra Sam Duang[三印法典](1962). I-V, Bangkok: Khurusapha.
Krom Silapakon(1976). Silacaruek sukhothai lak thi 1[수코타이 시대 비문 1집], Bangkok: Mahawithayalai Ramkhamhaeng.
Kulke, Hermann(1974). `Der Devarāja-Kult: Legitimation und Herrscherapotheose im Angkor-Reich,` Saeculum, 25, Heft 1, 24-55.
La Loubère, Simon de(1987). Du Royaume de Siam, in: Michel Jacq-Hergoualc`h, Étude Historique et Critique du Livre de Simon de La Loubère “Du Royaume de Siam”, Paris: Editions Recherche Sur Les Civilisations.
Mabbett, I. W.(1969). `Devarãja,` Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 10, No. 2, 202-223.
Osborne, Milton(1997). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History, ｢한 권에 담은 동남아시아 역사｣, 조흥국 책임번역, 서울: 오름.
Pali-English Dictionary(1979), Edited by T. W. Rhys Davids & William Stede, The Pali Text Society, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Phlai Noi(1992). Saranukrom prawattisat thai[태국 역사 사전], Bangkok: Ruamsan.
Phonnarat, Phra(1864). Phraratcha phongsawadan krung si ayutthaya chabap somdet phra phonnarat wat phra chettuphon[왓 프라 쳇뚜폰의 폰나랏 승려본 아유타야 왕실연대기], Bangkok: Khlang Withaya.
Pritsadang, Naret Worarit, Phitthayalap Phruetthithada, Sawatdi Watthanawisit(1975). `Caonai lae kha ratchakan krap bangkhom thun khuam hen catkan plian plaeng rabiap ratchakan phaendin[왕자들과 관리들이 정부 형태의 변경에 대한 생각을 폐하에게 올립니다],` in: Chaianan Samutwanit and Khattiya Kannasut(eds.), Ekasan kan muang kan pokkhrong thai ph.s. 2417-2477[1874년-1934년 태국 정치 및 행정 문헌], Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich.
Rosenberg, Klaus(1978). `Das Thema `Eintracht` im thailändischen Schrifttum der Epoche König Culalongkons(r. 1868-1910),` Oriens Extremus, 25, Heft 1, 94-118.
Rosenberg, Klaus(1980). Nation und Fortschritt: Der Publizist Thien Wan und die Modernisierung Thailands unter König Culalongkon (r. 1868-1910), Hamburg: Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens.
Sarkisyanz, Manuel(1965). Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Strong, John S.(1983). The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokavadāna, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sunait Chutintaranond(1990). `Cakravartin: The Ideology of Traditional Warfare in Siam and Burma, 1548-1605,` Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.
Tavernier, Jean Baptiste(1984). Reisen zu den Reichtümern Indiens: Abenteuerliche Jahre beim Großmogul 1641-1667, Stuttgart: Thienemann.
Terwiel, B. J.(1979). Monks and Magic: An Analysis of Religious Ceremonies in Central Thailand, Second Revised Edition, London: Curzon.
Terwiel, B. J.(1983). A History of Modern Thailand 1767-1942, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
Thien Wan(1975). `Wa duei samai rue wela[시대에 관하여 말한다],` in: Chaianan Samutwanit and Khattiya Kannasut(eds.), Ekasan kan muang kan pokkhrong thai ph.s. 2417-2477[1874년-1934년 태국 정치 및 행정 문헌], Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich.
Van Vliet, Jeremias(1910). “Description of the Kingdom of Siam,” Translated by L. F. van Ravenswaay, Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 7, Pt. 1, 1-105.
Van Vliet, Jeremias(1938). “Historical Account of Siam,” Translated by W. H. Mundie, Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 30, Pt. 2, 95-154.
Vella, Walter F.(1978). Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism, Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press.
Wales, H. G. Quaritch(1931). Siamese State Ceremonies: Their History and Function, London: Bernard Quaritch.
Wales, H. G. Quaritch(1965). Ancient Siamese Government and Administration, New York: Paragon.
Wyatt, David K.(1969). The Politics of Reform in Thailand: Education in the Reign of King Chulalongkorn, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wyatt, David K.(1984). Thailand: A Short History, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Akin Rabibhadana(1969). The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1782-1873, Ithaca: Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University.
Batson, Benjamin A.(1984). The End of the Absolute Monarchy in Siam, Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Battye, N. A.(1974). `The Military, Government and Society in Siam, 1868-1910: Politics and Military Reform During the Reign of King Chulalongkorn,` Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.
Bouvet, Père(1963). Voiage de Siam, in: J. C. Gatty, Voiage de Siam du Pere Bouvet, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Busakorn Lailert(1972). `The Ban Phlu Luang Dynasty 1688-1767: A Study of the Thai Monarchy During the Closing Years of the Ayuthya Period,` Ph.D. dissertation, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
Chulalongkorn(1975). `Phra ratcha damrat top khuam hen khong phu ca hai plian kanpokkhrong[통치를 바꾸려는 자들의 생각에 대한 왕의 답],` in: Chaianan Samutwanit and Khattiya Kannasut(eds.), Ekasan kan muang kan pokkhrong thai ph.s. 2417-2477[1874년-1934년 태국 정치 및 행정 문헌], Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich.
Coedès, George(1963). Angkor: An Introduction, Translated and Edited by Emily Floyd Gardiner. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Damrong Rachanuphap, Krom Phraya(1952). Phraratcha phongsawadan chabap phraratcha hatthalekha[왕친필본 왕실연대기], Bangkok: Odeon Store.
Damrong Rajanubhab(1926). `The Introduction of Western Culture in Siam,` Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 20, Pt. 2, 89-100.
Dhani, Prince(1954). `The Old Siamese Conception of the Monarchy,` Selected Articles From the Siam Society Journal, Volume II. Bangkok: The Siam Society, 160-175.
Filliozat, J.(1966). `New Researches on the Relations between India and Cambodia,` Indica, Vol. 3, 95-106.
Gervaise, Nicolas(1688). Histoire Naturelle et Politique du Royaume de Siam, Paris: Claude Barbin.
Griswold, A. B.(1961). King Mongkut of Siam, New York: The Asia Society.
Griswold, A. B. and Prasert Na Nagara(1973). `The Epigraphy of Mahādharmarājā I of Sukhodaya,` Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 61, Pt. 1, 71-181.
Griswold, A. B. and Prasert Na Nagara(1975). `On Kingship and Society at Sukhodaya,` in: G. William Skinner and A. Thomas Kirsch(eds.), Change and Persistence in Thai Society, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hall, D. G. E.(1966). A History of South-East Asia, London: MacMillan.
Heine-Geldern, Robert(1956). `Conceptions of State and Kingship in Southeast Asia,` Data Paper No. 18, Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.
Hutchinson, E. W.(1968). 1688 Revolution in Siam: The Memoir of Father de Bèze, s.j., Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
Ishii, Yoneo(1986). Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History, Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press.
Kaempfer, Engelbert(1987). A Description of the Kingdom of Siam 1690, Bangkok: White Orchid.
Kemp, Jeremy(1969). Aspects of Siamese Kingship in the Seventeenth Century, Bangkok: The Social Science Review.
Kotmai Tra Sam Duang[三印法典](1962). I-V, Bangkok: Khurusapha.
Krom Silapakon(1976). Silacaruek sukhothai lak thi 1[수코타이 시대 비문 1집], Bangkok: Mahawithayalai Ramkhamhaeng.
Kulke, Hermann(1974). `Der Devarāja-Kult: Legitimation und Herrscherapotheose im Angkor-Reich,` Saeculum, 25, Heft 1, 24-55.
La Loubère, Simon de(1987). Du Royaume de Siam, in: Michel Jacq-Hergoualc`h, Étude Historique et Critique du Livre de Simon de La Loubère “Du Royaume de Siam”, Paris: Editions Recherche Sur Les Civilisations.
Mabbett, I. W.(1969). `Devarãja,` Journal of Southeast Asian History, Vol. 10, No. 2, 202-223.
Osborne, Milton(1997). Southeast Asia: An Introductory History, ｢한 권에 담은 동남아시아 역사｣, 조흥국 책임번역, 서울: 오름.
Pali-English Dictionary(1979), Edited by T. W. Rhys Davids & William Stede, The Pali Text Society, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Phlai Noi(1992). Saranukrom prawattisat thai[태국 역사 사전], Bangkok: Ruamsan.
Phonnarat, Phra(1864). Phraratcha phongsawadan krung si ayutthaya chabap somdet phra phonnarat wat phra chettuphon[왓 프라 쳇뚜폰의 폰나랏 승려본 아유타야 왕실연대기], Bangkok: Khlang Withaya.
Pritsadang, Naret Worarit, Phitthayalap Phruetthithada, Sawatdi Watthanawisit(1975). `Caonai lae kha ratchakan krap bangkhom thun khuam hen catkan plian plaeng rabiap ratchakan phaendin[왕자들과 관리들이 정부 형태의 변경에 대한 생각을 폐하에게 올립니다],` in: Chaianan Samutwanit and Khattiya Kannasut(eds.), Ekasan kan muang kan pokkhrong thai ph.s. 2417-2477[1874년-1934년 태국 정치 및 행정 문헌], Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich.
Rosenberg, Klaus(1978). `Das Thema `Eintracht` im thailändischen Schrifttum der Epoche König Culalongkons(r. 1868-1910),` Oriens Extremus, 25, Heft 1, 94-118.
Rosenberg, Klaus(1980). Nation und Fortschritt: Der Publizist Thien Wan und die Modernisierung Thailands unter König Culalongkon (r. 1868-1910), Hamburg: Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens.
Sarkisyanz, Manuel(1965). Buddhist Backgrounds of the Burmese Revolution, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Strong, John S.(1983). The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokavadāna, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sunait Chutintaranond(1990). `Cakravartin: The Ideology of Traditional Warfare in Siam and Burma, 1548-1605,` Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University.
Tavernier, Jean Baptiste(1984). Reisen zu den Reichtümern Indiens: Abenteuerliche Jahre beim Großmogul 1641-1667, Stuttgart: Thienemann.
Terwiel, B. J.(1979). Monks and Magic: An Analysis of Religious Ceremonies in Central Thailand, Second Revised Edition, London: Curzon.
Terwiel, B. J.(1983). A History of Modern Thailand 1767-1942, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press.
Thien Wan(1975). `Wa duei samai rue wela[시대에 관하여 말한다],` in: Chaianan Samutwanit and Khattiya Kannasut(eds.), Ekasan kan muang kan pokkhrong thai ph.s. 2417-2477[1874년-1934년 태국 정치 및 행정 문헌], Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich.
Van Vliet, Jeremias(1910). “Description of the Kingdom of Siam,” Translated by L. F. van Ravenswaay, Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 7, Pt. 1, 1-105.
Van Vliet, Jeremias(1938). “Historical Account of Siam,” Translated by W. H. Mundie, Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 30, Pt. 2, 95-154.
Vella, Walter F.(1978). Chaiyo! King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism, Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press.
Wales, H. G. Quaritch(1931). Siamese State Ceremonies: Their History and Function, London: Bernard Quaritch.
Wales, H. G. Quaritch(1965). Ancient Siamese Government and Administration, New York: Paragon.
Wyatt, David K.(1969). The Politics of Reform in Thailand: Education in the Reign of King Chulalongkorn, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Wyatt, David K.(1984). Thailand: A Short History, New Haven: Yale University Press.
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