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영국 산업사회의 성립과 노동계급
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영국의 노동사 연구는 대륙의 다른 나라에 비해서 한층더 뿌리깊은 학문적 전통과 활력을 지녀 왔다. 이 나라가 역사상 최초로 산업화를 겪었고 그에 따라 노동계급의 형성도 그만큼 일찍 이루어졌음을 고려하면 지난 세기 말에 이미 체계적인 노동운동사 서술이 시도되었던 것도 그리 놀라운 일은 아니다. 초기의 노동사 서술은 노동자조직과 제도 중심의 접근이 주류를 이루었다. 제1세대의 노동사가들은 산업화에 따른 노동운동의 대두와 성장을 설명하는 데에 주로 초점을 맞추었다. 그들은 18세기 급진주의에서 노동운동의 기원을 찾고, 나아가 노동조합이나 정당 등 노동자조직의 발전과정을 통하여 노동운동의 역사를 기술하고자 하였다.
2차대전 이후 노동사는 제도 중심의 접근을 벗어나려는 경향을 보여준다. 이러한 방향 전환의 계기는 에릭 홉스봄과 에드워드 톰슨으로 이어지는 새로운 연구였다. 우선 홉스봄은 노동조합이나 노동운동 중심의 연대기적 역사서술에서 노동계급 자체로 연구대상을 전환할 필요성을 제기하였다. 그의 초기 논문들은 독자적인 생활방식과 사고방식을 지닌 산업노동자계급의 등장을 조명하고 이 과정에서 나타난 노동자 항의와 집단행동에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 한편 톰슨은 산업화 초기의 노동자들이 미성숙하고 수동적이었다는 종래의 통념을 비판하면서 노동자들의 공동체, 문화, 작업장에서 이들의 집단적 자의식의 형성과정을 추적하였다.
홉스봄과 톰슨의 영향을 받은 다음 세대의 노동사가들은 노동계급의 일상생활의 관행과 실천에 주로 관심을 기울였다. 이 `노동계급의 사회사`는 조직과 제도의 역사에서 노동계급의 삶의 기반을 이루는 사회문화적 조건에까지 노동사 연구의 지평을 넓혔다. 이제 노동계급의 대두는 더 이상 승리의 이야기만이 아니라, 자본주의에 대한 이념…
홉스봄과 톰슨의 영향을 받은 다음 세대의 노동사가들은 노동계급의 일상생활의 관행과 실천에 주로 관심을 기울였다. 이 `노동계급의 …
홉스봄과 톰슨의 영향을 받은 다음 세대의 노동사가들은 노동계급의 일상생활의 관행과 실천에 주로 관심을 기울였다. 이 `노동계급의 …
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