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사회과학의 과학성 특성에 의한 전통적 과학주의의 재평가
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자료설명
이론과 그 이론의 근원을 다루는 철학을 읽기 보다 차라리 인간행태와 사회현상의 가치를 간접적으로 취급하고 있는 소설을 읽는 것이 낫다고 한다. ...
본문/내용
이론과 그 이론의 근원을 다루는 철학을 읽기 보다 차라리 인간행태와 사회현상의 가치를 간접적으로 취급하고 있는 소설을 읽는 것이 낫다고 한다. 그래서 그들은 이론의 종언(the end of theory), 인간성의 종말(the end of man), 보편주의의 종식(the end of universalism), 철학의 종언(the end of philosophy) 등으로 사회과학에서 과학적인 이론의 불필요성과 불가능성을 역설하기도 했다.
따라서 사회과학에서 과학주의적인 접근방법에 의한 이론을 추구하는 것은 하나의 신화를 창조하려는 것으로 이론적인 환상에 젖어 있다고 하는 비판도 있다. 즉 사회과학은 과학이라기 보다 예술이다. 사회과제나 개인의 존재문제를 해결하고 그 추구하는 목표를 달성할 사회처방전을 제시하는 응용기술로서 가치판단적이고 가치지향적인 기술에 관한 것을 다루는 것이 사회과학이라고 하기도 한다. 따라서 사회과학자를 과학자가 아니라 예술가라고 해야 더 타당하다는 주장도 있다.
과학으로서의 사회과학의 방법론에 관한 전통적인 논쟁은 상당히 오래 전부터 계속되어 온 것이다. 예를 들면, 19세기 초엽 사회과학 방법론에 많은 연구를 한 Wilhelm Dilthey를 중심으로 하는 주관주의 학파에서부터 과학으로서의 사회과학은 주관적이고 심리적인 인간정신의 사고작용 때문에, 즉 인간생활을 객관화시킬 가능성이 없기 때문에 이를 과학적 방법으로 이론화한다는 것은 불가능하고 단지 구체적이고 역사적인 사건을 연구할 수밖에 없다는 학파에 이르기까지 다양하다. 특히 이들은 자연과학의 엄격한 의미의 과학을 달성하고자 하는 방법론이 사회과학에는 맞지 않는다는 점을 강조한 것이다.
참고문헌
김경동·이은죽, 1986, 「사회조사연구방법: 사회연구의 윤리와 기술」, 서울: 박영사.
김대환, 1997, 「사회과학방법론: 사회과학의 이론과 현실」, 서울: 법문사.
김동춘, 1997, 「한국사회과학의 새로운 모색」, 서울: 창작과 비평사.
김동일, 1993, 「사회과학방법론비판」, 서울: 청람출판사.
김 렬, 1999, 「사회과학조사방법론: 정책연구의 원리」, 서울: 박영사.
김웅진, 1993, `방법론의 이론 종속성과 이론의 방법론 종속성: 연구 방법론의 성화와 지식의 화석화,「한국정치학회보」27(2): 165-80.
김진균, 1987, `한국사회과학의 현대적 과제: 새로운 학문공동체를 위하여,` 「한국사회연구」 5, 서울: 학문사: 113-87.
성백용 역, 1994, 「사회과학으로부터의 탈피」, 서울: 창작과 비평사.
이해영, 1998, `정책이론과 정책실제의 조화(I): 중도론적 접근방법의 가능성,` 「한국행정논집」 10(1): 1-24.
Argyris, Chris, 1970, Intervention Theory and Method: A Behavioral Sciences, Reading, Massachusetts; Addison-Wasley.
Bellah, Robert N, 1983, `Social Science As Practical Reason,` in Ethics, the Social Science, and Policy Analysis, edited by Daniel Callahan and Bruce Jennings, New York, New York; The Hastings Center: 37-68.
Bellone, Carl J., 1980, `Introduction: Some Theoretical Perspectives,` in Organization Theory and the New Public Administration, edited by Bellone, Boston, Massachusettes; Allyn and Bacon, Inc.:1-23.
Borgmann, Albert, 1995, `Theory, Practice, Reality,` Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 38(1/2): 143-56.
Craig, Robert T., 1996, `Practical Theory: A Reply to Sandelands,: Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 26(1): 65-79.
Farmer, David J., 1995, The Language of Public Administration: Bureaucracy, Modernity, and Postmodernity,Tuscaloosa, Alabama; The University of Alabama Press
Fish, Stanley, 1989, Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Theory in Literary and Legal Studies, Durham, North Carolina.: Duke University Press.
Fischer, Frnak, 1998, `Beyond Empiricism: Policy Inquiry in Postpositivist Perspective,` Policy Studies Journal 26(1): 129-46.
Fisher, Frank and John Forester, ed., 1993, The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, Durham, North Carolina; Duke University Press
Formaini, Robert, 1990, The Myth of Scientific Public Policy, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Transaction Publisher.
Fox, Charles J. and Hugh T. Miller, 1998, `Norms of Inquiry in Public Affairs,` the presented paper at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Public Administration.
Hayek, Friedrich A., 1952, The Counter-Revolution of Science Studies on the Abuse of Reason, New York, New York; The Free Press.
Hempel, Carl, 1959, `The Empiricist Criterion of Meeting,` in Logical Positivism, edited by A.J. Ayer, New York, New York; The Free Press: 108-29.
Karapin, Rogers S., 1986, `What`s the Use of Social Science? A Review of the Literature,` in The Use and Abuse of Social Science, edited by Frank Heller, Beverly Hills, California; Sage Publications, Inc.: 236-65.
Kuhn, Thomas S., 1977, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, Illinois; The University of Chicago Press.
Lindblom, Charles E., 1990, Inquiry and Change, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale University Press.
Lindblom, Charles E. and David K. Cohen, 1979, Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale University Press.
Madison, G. B., 1991, `The Practice of Theory, the Theory of Practice,` Critical Review 5(2): 179-202.
Northrop, F. S. C., 1947, The Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities, Westport, Connecticut; Greenwood Press, Publishers.
Popper, Karl, 1959, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London, England; Heineman
Rommen, Heinrich, A., 1998(original 1936), The Natural Law: A study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, Indianapolis, Indiana; Liberty Fund, Inc.
Rorty, Richard, 1979, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press.
Rosenau, Pauline M., 1992, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Instructions, Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press
Rothbard, Murray, 1979, Individualism and the Philosophy of the Social Sciences, San Francisco, California; Cato Institute.
Sandelands, L. E., 1990, `What Is So Practical About Theory?: Lewin Revisited,` Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 20(1): 235-62.
Schutz, Alfred, 1963, `Concepts and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences,` in Philosophy of the Social Sciences, A Reader, edited by Maurice Natanson, New York, New York; Random House.
Scriven, M., 1987, `Probative Logic,` in Argumentation: Across the Lines of Disciplines, edited by F.H.. van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, and T. Krueger, Amsterdam, Holland; Foris.
Simon, Blackburn, 1996, Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford, University Press.
Stehr, Nico, 1992, Practical Knowledge : Applying the Social Sciences, London, England; Sage Publication, Ltd.
Stockman, N, 1983, Anti-positivist Theorists of the Sciences: Critical Rationalism and Scientific Realism, Dordrecht, England; D. Reidel.
Strauss, Leo, 1959, What Is Political Philosophy? Glencoe, Illinois; The Free Press.
Strauss, Leo, 1983, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Chicago, Illinois; University of Chicago Press.
Weick, Karl E., 1995, `What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is,` Administrative Science Quarterly 40(3): 385-90.
Weber, Max, 1949, The Methodology of Social Sciences, translated and edited by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch, New York, New York; The Free Press.
Whitehead, Alfred North, 1929, The Function of Reason, Boston, Massachusetts; Princeton University Press.
김경동·이은죽, 1986, 「사회조사연구방법: 사회연구의 윤리와 기술」, 서울: 박영사.
김대환, 1997, 「사회과학방법론: 사회과학의 이론과 현실」, 서울: 법문사.
김동춘, 1997, 「한국사회과학의 새로운 모색」, 서울: 창작과 비평사.
김동일, 1993, 「사회과학방법론비판」, 서울: 청람출판사.
김 렬, 1999, 「사회과학조사방법론: 정책연구의 원리」, 서울: 박영사.
김웅진, 1993, `방법론의 이론 종속성과 이론의 방법론 종속성: 연구 방법론의 성화와 지식의 화석화,「한국정치학회보」27(2): 165-80.
김진균, 1987, `한국사회과학의 현대적 과제: 새로운 학문공동체를 위하여,` 「한국사회연구」 5, 서울: 학문사: 113-87.
성백용 역, 1994, 「사회과학으로부터의 탈피」, 서울: 창작과 비평사.
이해영, 1998, `정책이론과 정책실제의 조화(I): 중도론적 접근방법의 가능성,` 「한국행정논집」 10(1): 1-24.
Argyris, Chris, 1970, Intervention Theory and Method: A Behavioral Sciences, Reading, Massachusetts; Addison-Wasley.
Bellah, Robert N, 1983, `Social Science As Practical Reason,` in Ethics, the Social Science, and Policy Analysis, edited by Daniel Callahan and Bruce Jennings, New York, New York; The Hastings Center: 37-68.
Bellone, Carl J., 1980, `Introduction: Some Theoretical Perspectives,` in Organization Theory and the New Public Administration, edited by Bellone, Boston, Massachusettes; Allyn and Bacon, Inc.:1-23.
Borgmann, Albert, 1995, `Theory, Practice, Reality,` Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 38(1/2): 143-56.
Craig, Robert T., 1996, `Practical Theory: A Reply to Sandelands,: Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 26(1): 65-79.
Farmer, David J., 1995, The Language of Public Administration: Bureaucracy, Modernity, and Postmodernity,Tuscaloosa, Alabama; The University of Alabama Press
Fish, Stanley, 1989, Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Theory in Literary and Legal Studies, Durham, North Carolina.: Duke University Press.
Fischer, Frnak, 1998, `Beyond Empiricism: Policy Inquiry in Postpositivist Perspective,` Policy Studies Journal 26(1): 129-46.
Fisher, Frank and John Forester, ed., 1993, The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, Durham, North Carolina; Duke University Press
Formaini, Robert, 1990, The Myth of Scientific Public Policy, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Transaction Publisher.
Fox, Charles J. and Hugh T. Miller, 1998, `Norms of Inquiry in Public Affairs,` the presented paper at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Public Administration.
Hayek, Friedrich A., 1952, The Counter-Revolution of Science Studies on the Abuse of Reason, New York, New York; The Free Press.
Hempel, Carl, 1959, `The Empiricist Criterion of Meeting,` in Logical Positivism, edited by A.J. Ayer, New York, New York; The Free Press: 108-29.
Karapin, Rogers S., 1986, `What`s the Use of Social Science? A Review of the Literature,` in The Use and Abuse of Social Science, edited by Frank Heller, Beverly Hills, California; Sage Publications, Inc.: 236-65.
Kuhn, Thomas S., 1977, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, Illinois; The University of Chicago Press.
Lindblom, Charles E., 1990, Inquiry and Change, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale University Press.
Lindblom, Charles E. and David K. Cohen, 1979, Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale University Press.
Madison, G. B., 1991, `The Practice of Theory, the Theory of Practice,` Critical Review 5(2): 179-202.
Northrop, F. S. C., 1947, The Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities, Westport, Connecticut; Greenwood Press, Publishers.
Popper, Karl, 1959, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London, England; Heineman
Rommen, Heinrich, A., 1998(original 1936), The Natural Law: A study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, Indianapolis, Indiana; Liberty Fund, Inc.
Rorty, Richard, 1979, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press.
Rosenau, Pauline M., 1992, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Instructions, Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press
Rothbard, Murray, 1979, Individualism and the Philosophy of the Social Sciences, San Francisco, California; Cato Institute.
Sandelands, L. E., 1990, `What Is So Practical About Theory?: Lewin Revisited,` Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 20(1): 235-62.
Schutz, Alfred, 1963, `Concepts and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences,` in Philosophy of the Social Sciences, A Reader, edited by Maurice Natanson, New York, New York; Random House.
Scriven, M., 1987, `Probative Logic,` in Argumentation: Across the Lines of Disciplines, edited by F.H.. van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, and T. Krueger, Amsterdam, Holland; Foris.
Simon, Blackburn, 1996, Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford, University Press.
Stehr, Nico, 1992, Practical Knowledge : Applying the Social Sciences, London, England; Sage Publication, Ltd.
Stockman, N, 1983, Anti-positivist Theorists of the Sciences: Critical Rationalism and Scientific Realism, Dordrecht, England; D. Reidel.
Strauss, Leo, 1959, What Is Political Philosophy? Glencoe, Illinois; The Free Press.
Strauss, Leo, 1983, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Chicago, Illinois; University of Chicago Press.
Weick, Karl E., 1995, `What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is,` Administrative Science Quarterly 40(3): 385-90.
Weber, Max, 1949, The Methodology of Social Sciences, translated and edited by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch, New York, New York; The Free Press.
Whitehead, Alfred North, 1929, The Function of Reason, Boston, Massachusetts; Princeton University Press.
김대환, 1997, 「사회과학방법론: 사회과학의 이론과 현실」, 서울: 법문사.
김동춘, 1997, 「한국사회과학의 새로운 모색」, 서울: 창작과 비평사.
김동일, 1993, 「사회과학방법론비판」, 서울: 청람출판사.
김 렬, 1999, 「사회과학조사방법론: 정책연구의 원리」, 서울: 박영사.
김웅진, 1993, `방법론의 이론 종속성과 이론의 방법론 종속성: 연구 방법론의 성화와 지식의 화석화,「한국정치학회보」27(2): 165-80.
김진균, 1987, `한국사회과학의 현대적 과제: 새로운 학문공동체를 위하여,` 「한국사회연구」 5, 서울: 학문사: 113-87.
성백용 역, 1994, 「사회과학으로부터의 탈피」, 서울: 창작과 비평사.
이해영, 1998, `정책이론과 정책실제의 조화(I): 중도론적 접근방법의 가능성,` 「한국행정논집」 10(1): 1-24.
Argyris, Chris, 1970, Intervention Theory and Method: A Behavioral Sciences, Reading, Massachusetts; Addison-Wasley.
Bellah, Robert N, 1983, `Social Science As Practical Reason,` in Ethics, the Social Science, and Policy Analysis, edited by Daniel Callahan and Bruce Jennings, New York, New York; The Hastings Center: 37-68.
Bellone, Carl J., 1980, `Introduction: Some Theoretical Perspectives,` in Organization Theory and the New Public Administration, edited by Bellone, Boston, Massachusettes; Allyn and Bacon, Inc.:1-23.
Borgmann, Albert, 1995, `Theory, Practice, Reality,` Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 38(1/2): 143-56.
Craig, Robert T., 1996, `Practical Theory: A Reply to Sandelands,: Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 26(1): 65-79.
Farmer, David J., 1995, The Language of Public Administration: Bureaucracy, Modernity, and Postmodernity,Tuscaloosa, Alabama; The University of Alabama Press
Fish, Stanley, 1989, Doing What Comes Naturally: Change, Rhetoric, and the Practice of Theory in Literary and Legal Studies, Durham, North Carolina.: Duke University Press.
Fischer, Frnak, 1998, `Beyond Empiricism: Policy Inquiry in Postpositivist Perspective,` Policy Studies Journal 26(1): 129-46.
Fisher, Frank and John Forester, ed., 1993, The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning, Durham, North Carolina; Duke University Press
Formaini, Robert, 1990, The Myth of Scientific Public Policy, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Transaction Publisher.
Fox, Charles J. and Hugh T. Miller, 1998, `Norms of Inquiry in Public Affairs,` the presented paper at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Public Administration.
Hayek, Friedrich A., 1952, The Counter-Revolution of Science Studies on the Abuse of Reason, New York, New York; The Free Press.
Hempel, Carl, 1959, `The Empiricist Criterion of Meeting,` in Logical Positivism, edited by A.J. Ayer, New York, New York; The Free Press: 108-29.
Karapin, Rogers S., 1986, `What`s the Use of Social Science? A Review of the Literature,` in The Use and Abuse of Social Science, edited by Frank Heller, Beverly Hills, California; Sage Publications, Inc.: 236-65.
Kuhn, Thomas S., 1977, The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change, Chicago, Illinois; The University of Chicago Press.
Lindblom, Charles E., 1990, Inquiry and Change, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale University Press.
Lindblom, Charles E. and David K. Cohen, 1979, Usable Knowledge: Social Science and Social Problem Solving, New Haven, Connecticut; Yale University Press.
Madison, G. B., 1991, `The Practice of Theory, the Theory of Practice,` Critical Review 5(2): 179-202.
Northrop, F. S. C., 1947, The Logic of the Sciences and the Humanities, Westport, Connecticut; Greenwood Press, Publishers.
Popper, Karl, 1959, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London, England; Heineman
Rommen, Heinrich, A., 1998(original 1936), The Natural Law: A study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, Indianapolis, Indiana; Liberty Fund, Inc.
Rorty, Richard, 1979, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press.
Rosenau, Pauline M., 1992, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Instructions, Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press
Rothbard, Murray, 1979, Individualism and the Philosophy of the Social Sciences, San Francisco, California; Cato Institute.
Sandelands, L. E., 1990, `What Is So Practical About Theory?: Lewin Revisited,` Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 20(1): 235-62.
Schutz, Alfred, 1963, `Concepts and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences,` in Philosophy of the Social Sciences, A Reader, edited by Maurice Natanson, New York, New York; Random House.
Scriven, M., 1987, `Probative Logic,` in Argumentation: Across the Lines of Disciplines, edited by F.H.. van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, and T. Krueger, Amsterdam, Holland; Foris.
Simon, Blackburn, 1996, Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford, University Press.
Stehr, Nico, 1992, Practical Knowledge : Applying the Social Sciences, London, England; Sage Publication, Ltd.
Stockman, N, 1983, Anti-positivist Theorists of the Sciences: Critical Rationalism and Scientific Realism, Dordrecht, England; D. Reidel.
Strauss, Leo, 1959, What Is Political Philosophy? Glencoe, Illinois; The Free Press.
Strauss, Leo, 1983, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Chicago, Illinois; University of Chicago Press.
Weick, Karl E., 1995, `What Theory Is Not, Theorizing Is,` Administrative Science Quarterly 40(3): 385-90.
Weber, Max, 1949, The Methodology of Social Sciences, translated and edited by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch, New York, New York; The Free Press.
Whitehead, Alfred North, 1929, The Function of Reason, Boston, Massachusetts; Princeton University Press.
김경동·이은죽, 1986, 「사회조사연구방법: 사회연구의 윤리와 기술」, 서울: 박영사.
김대환, 1997, 「사회과학방법론: 사회과학의 이론과 현실」, 서울: 법문사.
김동춘, 1997, 「한국사회과학의 새로운 모색」, 서울: 창작과 비평사.
김동일, 1993, 「사회과학방법론비판」, 서울: 청람출판사.
김 렬, 1999, 「사회과학조사방법론: 정책연구의 원리」, 서울: 박영사.
김웅진, 1993, `방법론의 이론 종속성과 이론의 방법론 종속성: 연구 방법론의 성화와 지식의 화석화,「한국정치학회보」27(2): 165-80.
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