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미국정치의 ‘Governance 문제’와 그 대외정책적 의미
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미국정치의 ‘Governance 문제’와 그 대외정책적 의미.hwp
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자료설명
근래 미국 의회는 대외정책과 관련해서 적극적 자세를 취하고 있다. 70년대 이래로 의회 제도개혁, 국제적 상호의존의 심화, 국내문제와 국제...
본문/내용
근래 미국 의회는 대외정책과 관련해서 적극적 자세를 취하고 있다. 70년대 이래로 의회 제도개혁, 국제적 상호의존의 심화, 국내문제와 국제문제 간 경계선의 붕괴 등 여러 요인으로 인하여 미 의회의 대외정책 적극성이 이전 시기에 비해 높아졌다는데에 별 이견이 없다 (Lindsay 1994, Mann 1990, Tierney 1994, Rohde 1994, Pitney 2000). 오늘날 미국 대외정책 결정과정에 대한 논의시 의회가 거의 빠짐없이 거론되고 있으며, 국내정책과는 달리 대외정책은 미 대통령의 독점적 영향력 하에 있다는 소위 “두명의 대통령론(Two Presidencies)”은 더 이상 과거처럼 큰 적실성을 인정받지 못하는 것 같다.
대외정책에 관한 미 의회의 적극성은 찬반 논란을 야기하고 있다. 한편에서는, 국가 내에만 갇혀있던 민주주의가 대외정책과 국제문제에까지 확장되게 되었다는 환영의 목소리가 들린다 (Burgin 1993, Nathan and Oliver 1994). 그러나 다른 한편에서는 미 대외정책의 효과성을 훼손하고 미국의 세계 지도력을 해친다는 우려와 비판이 공감을 자아내고 있다 (Kennedy 1987, Nye 1990, Rosati 1992, Lindsay 2000, Mallaby 2000). 19세기 전반기에 똑끄빌(Alexis de Tocqueville)이 외교정책의 수행에는 미국 민주주의가 다른 형태의 정부보다 열등하다고 지적한 이래로, 대외정책과 관련된 의회의 역할은 수많은 부정적 평가들을 받아왔다. 특히, 의회가 개입하여 대외정책 결정과정이 분권화·민주화되면 대외정책이 필수적으로 갖추어야 할 신속성, 효율성, 통합성, 일관성이 훼손되어 미국의 국익이 실추된다는 소위 “민주적 딜레마(democratic dilemma)론”이 오늘날 부정적 평가의 핵심을 이룬다 (Mastanduno 1999, 279-83).
참고문헌
알트, 제임스 (James Alt). 1997. `미국 안보정책과 한국통일: 미국의 대한방위공약의 현실성 여부를 중심으로.“ 『신아세아』 4권 3호.
임성호. 1999. “미국 대외금융정책과 의회정치: IMF 추가출연 논란을 중심으로.” 『성곡논총』30집.
______. 2000. “미국 대외경제정책 기조와 행정부-의회 관계.” 『국제정치논총』 40집 1호.
Arnold, R. Douglas. 1993. `Can Inattentive Citizens Control Their Elected Representative?` in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. eds. Congress Reconsidered. 5th edition. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
Ashbee, Edward. 2000. ``Remoralization`: American Society and Politics in the 1990s.` The Political Quarterly, 71, 2.
Binder, Sarah. 2000. `Going Nowhere: A Gridlocked Congress?` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Blumenthal, Sidney. 1998. `The Return of the Repressed: Anti-Internationalism and the American Right.` in Jerel A. Rosati. ed. Readings in the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
Brinkley, Alan. 1994. `What`s Wrong with American Political Leadership?. The Wilson Quarterly. 18, 2.
Burnham, Walter Dean. 1998. `The End of American Party Politics.` Society (Jan/Feb).
Burgin, Eileen. 1993. `Congress and Foreign Policy: The Misperceptions.` in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. eds. Congress: Reconsidered. 5th edition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Cohen, Joshua, and Joel Rogers. 1995. Associations and Democracy. London: Verso.
Cohen, Joshua. 1989. `Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy.` in Alan Hamlin and Philip Pettit. eds. The Good Polity: Normative Analysis of the State. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cohen, Stephen D. 1994. The Making of United States International Economic Policy. 4th edition. Westport, CT: Praege
Cowhey, Peter. 1993. `Domestic Institutions and the Credibility of International Commitments: Japan and the United States.` International Organization. 47, 2 (Spring).
Cronin, Thomas E. 1989. Direct Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cutler, Lloyd N. 1980. `To Form a Government.` Foreign Affairs. 59 (Fall).
Daalder, Ivo H. 1996. `The United States and Military Intervention in Internal Conflict.` in Michael E. Brown. ed. The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Dionne, E. J., Jr. 1991. Why Americans Hate Politics. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster.
________. 2000. `Why Americans Hate Politics.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Dodd, Lawrence. 1993. `Congress and the Politics of Renewal: Redressing the Crisis of Legitimation.` in Lawrence Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer. eds. Congress Reconsidered. 5th Ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
Eulau, Heinz, and Paul Karps. 1977. `The Puzzle of Representation: Specifying Components of Responsiveness.` Legislative Studies Quarterly 12.
Eckstein, Harry. 1982. `The Idea of Political Development: From Dignity to Efficiency.` World Politics 34.
Ferejohn, John A., and Charles R. Shipan. 1989. `Congressional Influence on Administrative Agencies.` in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. eds. Congress Reconsidered. 4th edition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Foreman, Christopher H. 1988. Signals from the Hill: Congressional Oversight and the Challenge of Social Regulation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gowa, Joanne. 1988. `Public Goods and Political Institutions: Trade and Monetary Policy Processes in the United States.` International Organization. 42, 1.
Haass, Richard N. 2000. `The Squandered Presidency.` Foreign Affairs. 79, 3 (May/June).
Ikenberry, G. John, David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno. 1988. eds. The State and American Foreign Economic Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Jones, Charles O. 2000. `Nonstop! The Campaigning Presidency and the 2000 Presidential Campaign.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Katzmann, Robertt A. 1990. `War Powers: Toward a New Accommodation.` in Thomas E. Mann. ed. A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Kennedy, Paul. 1987. `The (Relative) Decline of America.` The Atlantic Monthly (August).
_________. 1999. `Will the Next Century Be American, Too?` New Perspective Quarterly (Winter).
Kernell, Samuel. 1993. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership. 2nd edition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Kingdon, John W. 1989. Congressmen`s Voting Decisions. 3d ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Krasner, Stephen D. 1978. `United States Commercial and Monetary Policy: Unravelling the Paradox of External Strength and Internal Weakness.` in Peter J. Katzenstein. Between Power and Plenty. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Lindsay, James M. 1994. Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
________. 2000. `Looking for Leadership: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Litan, Robert E. 2000. `The `Globalization` Challenge.` The Brookings Review 18, 2 (Spring).
Mallaby, Sebastian. 2000. `The Bullied Pulpit.` Foreign Affairs. 79, 1 (Jan./Feb.).
Mann, Thomas E. ed. 1990. A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress, and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
________. 2000. `Governance in America 2000.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Mann, Thomas, and Norman Ornstein. 2000. `After the Campaign, What?: Governance Questions for the 2000 Election.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Mastanduno, Michael. 1999. `The U.S. Political System and International Leadership: A `Decidedly Inferior` Form of Government?` in G. John Ikenberry. ed. American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays. 3rd edition. N.Y.: Longman.
Mattson, Kevin. 1999. `Taking Back the Initiative: Renewing Progressive Democracy.` Social Policy (Summer).
Mulhall, Stephen, and Adam Swift. 1992. Liberals and Communitarians. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nathan, James A., and James K. Oliver. 1994. Foreign Policy Making and the American Political System. 3d edition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Nye, Joseph S. 1990. `The Misleading Metaphor of Decline.` The Atlantic Monthly (March).
Odell, John S. 1982. U.S. International Monetary Policy: Markets, Power, and Ideas as Sources of Change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Pastor, Robert. 1993. `The President Versus Congress.` in Robert J. Art, and Seyom Brown. eds. U.S. Foreign Policy: The Search for a New Role. New York: Macmillan.
Peterson, Susan. 1996. Crisis Bargaining and the State: The Domestic Politics of International Conflict. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Pitney, John J., Jr. 2000. `The Coming Ascent of Congress.` Policy Review (April/May).
Rohde, David W. 1994. `Partisanship Leadership and Congressional Assertiveness in Foreign and Defense Policy.` in David A. Deese. ed. The New Politics of American Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin`s Press.
Rosati, Jerel A. 1992. `The Domestic Environment.` in Peter A. Schraeder. ed. Intervention into the 1990s: The U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Schick, Allen. 2000. `A Surplus, If We Can Keep It.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Shoch, James. 1998. `Party Politics and International Economic Activism.` Political Science Quarterly. 113, 1.
Stonecash, Jeffrey M. 2000. Class and Party in American Politics (Transforming American Politics). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Sundquist, James L. 1992. Constitutional Reform and Effective Government. Revised edition. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Texeira. Ruy. 1992. The Disappearing American Voter. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Thurber, James A. 1998. `Issue Advocacy and Issue Ads on the Rise in the United States.` Issues of Democracy, USIA Electronic Journals. 3, 2.
Tierney, John T. 1994. `Congressional Activism in Foreign Policy: Its Varied Forms and Stimuli.` in David A. Deese. ed. The New Politics of American Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin`s Press.
Walt, Stephen M. `Two Cheers for Clinton`s Foreign Policy.` Foreign Affairs. 79, 2 (March/April).
Wildavsky, Ben. 1996. `Under the Gun (at the National Economic Council).` National Journal (June 29).
Wrong, Dennis. 1997. `Swing Politics.` Dissent. 44, 4.
임성호. 1999. “미국 대외금융정책과 의회정치: IMF 추가출연 논란을 중심으로.” 『성곡논총』30집.
______. 2000. “미국 대외경제정책 기조와 행정부-의회 관계.” 『국제정치논총』 40집 1호.
Arnold, R. Douglas. 1993. `Can Inattentive Citizens Control Their Elected Representative?` in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. eds. Congress Reconsidered. 5th edition. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
Ashbee, Edward. 2000. ``Remoralization`: American Society and Politics in the 1990s.` The Political Quarterly, 71, 2.
Binder, Sarah. 2000. `Going Nowhere: A Gridlocked Congress?` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Blumenthal, Sidney. 1998. `The Return of the Repressed: Anti-Internationalism and the American Right.` in Jerel A. Rosati. ed. Readings in the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
Brinkley, Alan. 1994. `What`s Wrong with American Political Leadership?. The Wilson Quarterly. 18, 2.
Burnham, Walter Dean. 1998. `The End of American Party Politics.` Society (Jan/Feb).
Burgin, Eileen. 1993. `Congress and Foreign Policy: The Misperceptions.` in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. eds. Congress: Reconsidered. 5th edition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Cohen, Joshua, and Joel Rogers. 1995. Associations and Democracy. London: Verso.
Cohen, Joshua. 1989. `Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy.` in Alan Hamlin and Philip Pettit. eds. The Good Polity: Normative Analysis of the State. Oxford: Blackwell.
Cohen, Stephen D. 1994. The Making of United States International Economic Policy. 4th edition. Westport, CT: Praege
Cowhey, Peter. 1993. `Domestic Institutions and the Credibility of International Commitments: Japan and the United States.` International Organization. 47, 2 (Spring).
Cronin, Thomas E. 1989. Direct Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cutler, Lloyd N. 1980. `To Form a Government.` Foreign Affairs. 59 (Fall).
Daalder, Ivo H. 1996. `The United States and Military Intervention in Internal Conflict.` in Michael E. Brown. ed. The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Dionne, E. J., Jr. 1991. Why Americans Hate Politics. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster.
________. 2000. `Why Americans Hate Politics.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Dodd, Lawrence. 1993. `Congress and the Politics of Renewal: Redressing the Crisis of Legitimation.` in Lawrence Dodd and Bruce Oppenheimer. eds. Congress Reconsidered. 5th Ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
Eulau, Heinz, and Paul Karps. 1977. `The Puzzle of Representation: Specifying Components of Responsiveness.` Legislative Studies Quarterly 12.
Eckstein, Harry. 1982. `The Idea of Political Development: From Dignity to Efficiency.` World Politics 34.
Ferejohn, John A., and Charles R. Shipan. 1989. `Congressional Influence on Administrative Agencies.` in Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. eds. Congress Reconsidered. 4th edition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Foreman, Christopher H. 1988. Signals from the Hill: Congressional Oversight and the Challenge of Social Regulation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gowa, Joanne. 1988. `Public Goods and Political Institutions: Trade and Monetary Policy Processes in the United States.` International Organization. 42, 1.
Haass, Richard N. 2000. `The Squandered Presidency.` Foreign Affairs. 79, 3 (May/June).
Ikenberry, G. John, David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno. 1988. eds. The State and American Foreign Economic Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Jones, Charles O. 2000. `Nonstop! The Campaigning Presidency and the 2000 Presidential Campaign.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Katzmann, Robertt A. 1990. `War Powers: Toward a New Accommodation.` in Thomas E. Mann. ed. A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Kennedy, Paul. 1987. `The (Relative) Decline of America.` The Atlantic Monthly (August).
_________. 1999. `Will the Next Century Be American, Too?` New Perspective Quarterly (Winter).
Kernell, Samuel. 1993. Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership. 2nd edition. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Kingdon, John W. 1989. Congressmen`s Voting Decisions. 3d ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Krasner, Stephen D. 1978. `United States Commercial and Monetary Policy: Unravelling the Paradox of External Strength and Internal Weakness.` in Peter J. Katzenstein. Between Power and Plenty. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Lindsay, James M. 1994. Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
________. 2000. `Looking for Leadership: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Litan, Robert E. 2000. `The `Globalization` Challenge.` The Brookings Review 18, 2 (Spring).
Mallaby, Sebastian. 2000. `The Bullied Pulpit.` Foreign Affairs. 79, 1 (Jan./Feb.).
Mann, Thomas E. ed. 1990. A Question of Balance: The President, the Congress, and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
________. 2000. `Governance in America 2000.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Mann, Thomas, and Norman Ornstein. 2000. `After the Campaign, What?: Governance Questions for the 2000 Election.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Mastanduno, Michael. 1999. `The U.S. Political System and International Leadership: A `Decidedly Inferior` Form of Government?` in G. John Ikenberry. ed. American Foreign Policy: Theoretical Essays. 3rd edition. N.Y.: Longman.
Mattson, Kevin. 1999. `Taking Back the Initiative: Renewing Progressive Democracy.` Social Policy (Summer).
Mulhall, Stephen, and Adam Swift. 1992. Liberals and Communitarians. Oxford: Blackwell.
Nathan, James A., and James K. Oliver. 1994. Foreign Policy Making and the American Political System. 3d edition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Nye, Joseph S. 1990. `The Misleading Metaphor of Decline.` The Atlantic Monthly (March).
Odell, John S. 1982. U.S. International Monetary Policy: Markets, Power, and Ideas as Sources of Change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Pastor, Robert. 1993. `The President Versus Congress.` in Robert J. Art, and Seyom Brown. eds. U.S. Foreign Policy: The Search for a New Role. New York: Macmillan.
Peterson, Susan. 1996. Crisis Bargaining and the State: The Domestic Politics of International Conflict. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
Pitney, John J., Jr. 2000. `The Coming Ascent of Congress.` Policy Review (April/May).
Rohde, David W. 1994. `Partisanship Leadership and Congressional Assertiveness in Foreign and Defense Policy.` in David A. Deese. ed. The New Politics of American Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin`s Press.
Rosati, Jerel A. 1992. `The Domestic Environment.` in Peter A. Schraeder. ed. Intervention into the 1990s: The U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Schick, Allen. 2000. `A Surplus, If We Can Keep It.` The Brookings Review. 18, 1.
Shoch, James. 1998. `Party Politics and International Economic Activism.` Political Science Quarterly. 113, 1.
Stonecash, Jeffrey M. 2000. Class and Party in American Politics (Transforming American Politics). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Sundquist, James L. 1992. Constitutional Reform and Effective Government. Revised edition. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Texeira. Ruy. 1992. The Disappearing American Voter. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Thurber, James A. 1998. `Issue Advocacy and Issue Ads on the Rise in the United States.` Issues of Democracy, USIA Electronic Journals. 3, 2.
Tierney, John T. 1994. `Congressional Activism in Foreign Policy: Its Varied Forms and Stimuli.` in David A. Deese. ed. The New Politics of American Foreign Policy. New York: St. Martin`s Press.
Walt, Stephen M. `Two Cheers for Clinton`s Foreign Policy.` Foreign Affairs. 79, 2 (March/April).
Wildavsky, Ben. 1996. `Under the Gun (at the National Economic Council).` National Journal (June 29).
Wrong, Dennis. 1997. `Swing Politics.` Dissent. 44, 4.
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