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지역성원 연결망과 자원봉사 참여
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지역성원 연결망과 자원봉사 참여.hwp
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자료설명
1. 자원봉사에 대한 기존의 개인적 접근들
자원봉사는 무보수로 타인을 위해 봉사하는 자선적이고 이타적인 행동으로 정의되듯이, 많은 학자들은...
자원봉사는 무보수로 타인을 위해 봉사하는 자선적이고 이타적인 행동으로 정의되듯이, 많은 학자들은...
본문/내용
1. 자원봉사에 대한 기존의 개인적 접근들
자원봉사는 무보수로 타인을 위해 봉사하는 자선적이고 이타적인 행동으로 정의되듯이, 많은 학자들은 자원봉사가 이타성향이 높은 사람들에 의해 이루어지는 활동이라고 보았다. 이타행동이란 자신에게 희생이 따르더라도 고통을 받거나 어려운 사람의 안녕과 복지를 위해 그들을 돕는 친사회적 행동으로 정의되는데(Piliavin and Charng, 1990), 자원봉사활동도 어려운 사람을 위해 봉사하고 헌신하는 이타행동의 한 행동으로 간주되어 이타성향과 밀접한 관련이 있다고 보았던 것이다. 이 입장에 따르면 자원봉사의 동기가 남을 진정 도우려는 순수한 이타적 동기에 의한 것이라 주장하게 된다(Cnaan and Goldberg-Glen, 1991; Batson, 1995).
자원봉사나 남을 돕는 행동이 이타적 동기에 의해 비롯된다고 보는 입장에서는 특히 감정이입(empathy)이 그 주요 원인이 된다고 보아 왔다. 감정이입이란 어렵고 곤경에 처한 사람들의 입장을 이해함으로써 그들과 같은 고통을 느끼며 안타까와하는 감정반응을 말하는데, 남을 돕는 것은 다른 사람들의 입장에 서서 그 고통을 이해하고 안타까와함으로써 이루어지는 행동이라고 본 것이다. 감정이입이란 다른 사람에 대한 배려와 타자지향적인 관심에서 비롯되는 감정으로, 감정이입에 의해 이루어지는 남을 돕는 행동은 분명 이타적 동기에 의한 것이라 주장하게 된다(Batson et al., 1981; Batson, 1987; 전신현, 1998).
그러나 자원봉사나 남을 돕는 행동은 이타적 동기에 의한 것이 아니라 이기적 동기에서 비롯된다고 보는 주장도 있다. 즉 자원봉사는 남을 위한 행동이라기보다는 자신의 어떤 이득을 위한 행동이라 보는 것이다 이 입장에 따르면 고통을 받는 사람들을 바라볼 때 느끼는 감정이 남을 돕는 행동으로 이어지게 되는 것은 그것이 감정이입 때문은 아니라고
참고문헌
김기선, 1984. “자원봉사활동의 방향 및 활성화에 관한 연구”, 사회복지 제83호. pp.123-54. 한국사회복지협의회.
김영호, 1989. 자원복지이론과 실제. 홍익제.
김영호, 1997. 자원복지활동의 활성화 방법. 학문사.
서울시정개발연구원, 1995. 서울시 자원봉사자 활용증진 방안에 관한 연구.
전신현, 1998. “여성의 감정이입과 남을 돕는 행동”, 여성연구논총 제13호. pp. 67-94. 서울여대 여성연구소.
조휘일, 1991. “한국사회복지분야의 자원봉사행동과 관련된 개인 및 조직특성에 관한 연 구”. 박사학위 논문. 숭실대학교.
조휘일, 1998. 현대사회와 자원봉사. 홍익재.
최일섭, 류진석, 1997. 지역사회복지론. 서울대학교 출판부.
한국사회복지협의회, 1984. 자원봉사 활성화를 위한 실태 조사연구.
한국사회복지협의회, 1991. 지역사회복지봉사의 이론과 실제.
한국여성개발원, 1984. 공공분야 및 사회복지분야에 있어서 유휴인력 활용에 관한 연구.
현대사회연구소, 1985. 자원봉사활동의 실태 조사연구.
Batson, C.D. 1987. `Prosocial Motivation`, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, L. Berkowitz(ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Batson, C.D., B. Duncan, P. Ackerman, T. Buckley and K. Birch. 1981. `Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation?`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40. pp.290-302.
Batson, C.D., J.G. Batson, T.M. Todd, B.H. Brummett, L.L. Shaw and C.M. Aldeguer. 1995. `Empathy and the Collective Good`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68. pp.619-31.
Buckner, J. 1988. `The Development of an Instrument to Measure Neighborhood Cohesion`, American Journal of Community Psychology 16. pp.771-91.
Cnaan, R.A. and R.S. Goldberg-Glen. 1991. `Measuring Motivation to Voluteer in Human Services`, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 27. pp.269-84.
Cnaan, R.A. A. Kasternakis and R. Wineberg. 1993. `Religious People, Religious Congregations and Volunteerism in Human Services: Is There a Link?`, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 22. pp.33-51.
Dovidio, J.F., J.A. Piliavin, D.A. Gaertner, D.A. Schoroeder and R.C. Clark. 1991. `The Arousal: Cost-reward Model and the Process of Intervention: A Review of the Evidence`, in Prosocial Behavior, M.S. Clark(ed.). Newbury Park: Sage.
Eagly, A.H. and M. Crowley. 1986. `Gender and Helping Behavior`, Psychological Bullutin 100. pp.283-308.
Eisenberg, N., R. Fabes and C. Shea. 1989. `Gender Differences in Empathy and Prosocial Moral Reasoning`, in Who Cares? Theory, Research and Educational Implications of the Ethic Care, M.M. Brabeck(ed.). New York: Praeger.
Eisenberg, N. and R. Fabes. 1991. `Prosocial Behavior and Empathy`, in Prosocial Behavior, M.S. Clark(ed.). Newbury Park: Sage.
Freudenberg, W. 1986. `The Density of Acquaintership: An Overlooked Variable in Community Research?`, American Journal of Sociology 92. pp.27-63.
Gould, R.V. 1993. `Collective Action and Network Structure`, American Sociological Review 58. pp.182-96.
Harrison, D.A. 1995. `Volunteer Motivation and Attendance Decisions`, Journal of Applied Psychology 80. pp.371-85.
Hodgskin, V. and M. Weitzman. 1992. Giving and Volunteering in the United States. Washington DC: Independent Sector.
Marwell, G., P. Oliver and R. Prahl. 1988. `Social Networks and Collective Action: A Theory of Critical Mass III`, American Journal of Sociology 94. pp.502-34.
Marwell, G. and P. Oliver. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McAdam, D. 1986. `Recruitment to High-risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer`, American Journal of Sociology 92. pp.64-90.
Melucci, A. 1985. `The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements`, Social Research 52. pp.789-816.
Melucci, A. 1988. `Getting Involved: Identity and Mobilization in Social Movements`, International Social Movement Research 1. pp.329-48.
Moore, L.F. 1985. Motivating Volunteers. The Vancouver Volunteer Center.
Murnighan, J.K., J.W. Kim and A.R. Metzger. 1993. `The Voluteer Dillema`, Administrative Science Quarterly 38. pp.515-38.
Oberschall, A. 1993. Social Movements. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Oliver, P., G. Marwell and R. Teixeria. 1985. `A Theory of Critical Mass, I: Independence, Group Heterogeneity and the Production of Collective Action`, American Journal of Sociology 91. pp.522-56.
Piliavin, J.A., J.F. Dovidio, S.L. Gaertner and R.D. Clark. 1981. Emergency Intervention. New York: Academic Press.
Piliavin, J.A. and R.K. Unger. 1985 `The Helpful but Helpless Female: Myth or Reality?`, in Women, Gender and Social Psychology, V. O`Leary, R.K. Unger and B.S. Wallston(eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Piliavin, J.A. and D. Libby. 1986. `Perceived Social Norms, Personal Norms and Blood Donation`, Humbolt Journal of Social Relations 13. pp.159-94.
Piliavin, J.A. and H.W, Charng. 1990. `Altruism: A Review of Recent Theory and Research`, Annual Review of Sociology 16. pp.27-65.
Sampson, R.J. 1988. `Local Friendship Ties and Community Attachment in Mass Society: A Multilevel Systemic Model`, American Sociological Review 53. pp.766-79.
Sampson, R.J. 1991. `Linking the Micro-and Macrolevel Dimensions of Community Social Organization`, Social Forces 70. pp.43-64.
Schwartz, S.H. 1977. `Nomative Influence on Altruism`, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, L. Berkowits(ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Serpe, R.T. 1987. `Stability and Change in Self: A Structural Symbolic Interactionist Explanation`, Social Psychology Quarterly 50. pp.44-55.
Smith, D.H. 1983. `Altruism, Volunteers and Volunteerism`, Journal of Voluntary Action Research 12. pp.21-36.
Smith, D.H. 1994. `Determinants of Voluntary Association Participation and Volunteering: A Literature Review`, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 23. pp.243-63.
Snow, D.A., E.B. Rochford, S.K. Worden and R.D. Benford. 1986. `Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation`, American Sociological Review 51. pp.464-81.
Stinson, T.F. and J.M. Stam. 1976. `Toward an Economic Model of Voluntarism: The Case of Participation in Local Government`, Journal of Voluntary Action Research 5. pp.52-60.
Stryker, S. and R.T. Serpe. 1982 `Commitment, Identity Salience and Role Behavior: Theory and Research Example`, in Personality, Roles and Social Behavior, W. Ickes and E. Knowles(eds.). Springer-Verlag.
Taylor, S. and N. Whitter. 1992. `Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities`, in Frontiers of Social Movement Theory, A. Morris and C. Mueller(eds.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Tilly, C. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Williams, R.H. 1995. `Constructing the Public Goods: Social Movements and Cultural Resources`, Social Problems 42. pp.124-44.
Wilson, J. and T. Janoski. 1995. `The Contribution of Religion to Volunteer Work`, Sociology of Religion 56. pp.137-52.
Wilson, J. and M. Musick. 1997. `Who Care? Toward an Integrated Theory of Volunteer Work`, American Sociological Review 62. pp.694-713.
Wuthnow, R. 1991. Acts of Compassion. Princeton, NJ: University of Princeton Press.
Yamagishi, T. and K. Sato. 1986. `Motivational Bases of the Public Goods Problem`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50. pp.67-73.
Zald, M.N. and J.D. McCarthy. 1987. Social Movements in an Organizational Society. New Bruswick: Transaction.
Zucker, L.A. and D.A. Snow. 1981. `Collective Behavior: Social Movement` in Social Psychology: Sociological Perspective, M. Rosenberg and R. Turner(eds.). New York: Basic Books.
Zuckerman, M. and H.T. Reis. 1978. `Comparison of Three Models for Predicting Altruistic Behavior`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36. pp.498-510.
김영호, 1989. 자원복지이론과 실제. 홍익제.
김영호, 1997. 자원복지활동의 활성화 방법. 학문사.
서울시정개발연구원, 1995. 서울시 자원봉사자 활용증진 방안에 관한 연구.
전신현, 1998. “여성의 감정이입과 남을 돕는 행동”, 여성연구논총 제13호. pp. 67-94. 서울여대 여성연구소.
조휘일, 1991. “한국사회복지분야의 자원봉사행동과 관련된 개인 및 조직특성에 관한 연 구”. 박사학위 논문. 숭실대학교.
조휘일, 1998. 현대사회와 자원봉사. 홍익재.
최일섭, 류진석, 1997. 지역사회복지론. 서울대학교 출판부.
한국사회복지협의회, 1984. 자원봉사 활성화를 위한 실태 조사연구.
한국사회복지협의회, 1991. 지역사회복지봉사의 이론과 실제.
한국여성개발원, 1984. 공공분야 및 사회복지분야에 있어서 유휴인력 활용에 관한 연구.
현대사회연구소, 1985. 자원봉사활동의 실태 조사연구.
Batson, C.D. 1987. `Prosocial Motivation`, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, L. Berkowitz(ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Batson, C.D., B. Duncan, P. Ackerman, T. Buckley and K. Birch. 1981. `Is Empathic Emotion a Source of Altruistic Motivation?`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40. pp.290-302.
Batson, C.D., J.G. Batson, T.M. Todd, B.H. Brummett, L.L. Shaw and C.M. Aldeguer. 1995. `Empathy and the Collective Good`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68. pp.619-31.
Buckner, J. 1988. `The Development of an Instrument to Measure Neighborhood Cohesion`, American Journal of Community Psychology 16. pp.771-91.
Cnaan, R.A. and R.S. Goldberg-Glen. 1991. `Measuring Motivation to Voluteer in Human Services`, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 27. pp.269-84.
Cnaan, R.A. A. Kasternakis and R. Wineberg. 1993. `Religious People, Religious Congregations and Volunteerism in Human Services: Is There a Link?`, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 22. pp.33-51.
Dovidio, J.F., J.A. Piliavin, D.A. Gaertner, D.A. Schoroeder and R.C. Clark. 1991. `The Arousal: Cost-reward Model and the Process of Intervention: A Review of the Evidence`, in Prosocial Behavior, M.S. Clark(ed.). Newbury Park: Sage.
Eagly, A.H. and M. Crowley. 1986. `Gender and Helping Behavior`, Psychological Bullutin 100. pp.283-308.
Eisenberg, N., R. Fabes and C. Shea. 1989. `Gender Differences in Empathy and Prosocial Moral Reasoning`, in Who Cares? Theory, Research and Educational Implications of the Ethic Care, M.M. Brabeck(ed.). New York: Praeger.
Eisenberg, N. and R. Fabes. 1991. `Prosocial Behavior and Empathy`, in Prosocial Behavior, M.S. Clark(ed.). Newbury Park: Sage.
Freudenberg, W. 1986. `The Density of Acquaintership: An Overlooked Variable in Community Research?`, American Journal of Sociology 92. pp.27-63.
Gould, R.V. 1993. `Collective Action and Network Structure`, American Sociological Review 58. pp.182-96.
Harrison, D.A. 1995. `Volunteer Motivation and Attendance Decisions`, Journal of Applied Psychology 80. pp.371-85.
Hodgskin, V. and M. Weitzman. 1992. Giving and Volunteering in the United States. Washington DC: Independent Sector.
Marwell, G., P. Oliver and R. Prahl. 1988. `Social Networks and Collective Action: A Theory of Critical Mass III`, American Journal of Sociology 94. pp.502-34.
Marwell, G. and P. Oliver. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McAdam, D. 1986. `Recruitment to High-risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer`, American Journal of Sociology 92. pp.64-90.
Melucci, A. 1985. `The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements`, Social Research 52. pp.789-816.
Melucci, A. 1988. `Getting Involved: Identity and Mobilization in Social Movements`, International Social Movement Research 1. pp.329-48.
Moore, L.F. 1985. Motivating Volunteers. The Vancouver Volunteer Center.
Murnighan, J.K., J.W. Kim and A.R. Metzger. 1993. `The Voluteer Dillema`, Administrative Science Quarterly 38. pp.515-38.
Oberschall, A. 1993. Social Movements. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Oliver, P., G. Marwell and R. Teixeria. 1985. `A Theory of Critical Mass, I: Independence, Group Heterogeneity and the Production of Collective Action`, American Journal of Sociology 91. pp.522-56.
Piliavin, J.A., J.F. Dovidio, S.L. Gaertner and R.D. Clark. 1981. Emergency Intervention. New York: Academic Press.
Piliavin, J.A. and R.K. Unger. 1985 `The Helpful but Helpless Female: Myth or Reality?`, in Women, Gender and Social Psychology, V. O`Leary, R.K. Unger and B.S. Wallston(eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Piliavin, J.A. and D. Libby. 1986. `Perceived Social Norms, Personal Norms and Blood Donation`, Humbolt Journal of Social Relations 13. pp.159-94.
Piliavin, J.A. and H.W, Charng. 1990. `Altruism: A Review of Recent Theory and Research`, Annual Review of Sociology 16. pp.27-65.
Sampson, R.J. 1988. `Local Friendship Ties and Community Attachment in Mass Society: A Multilevel Systemic Model`, American Sociological Review 53. pp.766-79.
Sampson, R.J. 1991. `Linking the Micro-and Macrolevel Dimensions of Community Social Organization`, Social Forces 70. pp.43-64.
Schwartz, S.H. 1977. `Nomative Influence on Altruism`, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, L. Berkowits(ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Serpe, R.T. 1987. `Stability and Change in Self: A Structural Symbolic Interactionist Explanation`, Social Psychology Quarterly 50. pp.44-55.
Smith, D.H. 1983. `Altruism, Volunteers and Volunteerism`, Journal of Voluntary Action Research 12. pp.21-36.
Smith, D.H. 1994. `Determinants of Voluntary Association Participation and Volunteering: A Literature Review`, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 23. pp.243-63.
Snow, D.A., E.B. Rochford, S.K. Worden and R.D. Benford. 1986. `Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization and Movement Participation`, American Sociological Review 51. pp.464-81.
Stinson, T.F. and J.M. Stam. 1976. `Toward an Economic Model of Voluntarism: The Case of Participation in Local Government`, Journal of Voluntary Action Research 5. pp.52-60.
Stryker, S. and R.T. Serpe. 1982 `Commitment, Identity Salience and Role Behavior: Theory and Research Example`, in Personality, Roles and Social Behavior, W. Ickes and E. Knowles(eds.). Springer-Verlag.
Taylor, S. and N. Whitter. 1992. `Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities`, in Frontiers of Social Movement Theory, A. Morris and C. Mueller(eds.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Tilly, C. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Williams, R.H. 1995. `Constructing the Public Goods: Social Movements and Cultural Resources`, Social Problems 42. pp.124-44.
Wilson, J. and T. Janoski. 1995. `The Contribution of Religion to Volunteer Work`, Sociology of Religion 56. pp.137-52.
Wilson, J. and M. Musick. 1997. `Who Care? Toward an Integrated Theory of Volunteer Work`, American Sociological Review 62. pp.694-713.
Wuthnow, R. 1991. Acts of Compassion. Princeton, NJ: University of Princeton Press.
Yamagishi, T. and K. Sato. 1986. `Motivational Bases of the Public Goods Problem`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50. pp.67-73.
Zald, M.N. and J.D. McCarthy. 1987. Social Movements in an Organizational Society. New Bruswick: Transaction.
Zucker, L.A. and D.A. Snow. 1981. `Collective Behavior: Social Movement` in Social Psychology: Sociological Perspective, M. Rosenberg and R. Turner(eds.). New York: Basic Books.
Zuckerman, M. and H.T. Reis. 1978. `Comparison of Three Models for Predicting Altruistic Behavior`, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36. pp.498-510.
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