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영국의 프로토 공업화*
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영국의 프로토 공업화.hwp
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자료설명
영국 산업혁명(18세기 말 19세기 초)에 앞서 영국을 포함한 유럽 여러 지역에서는 이미 오랜 동안 완만한 공업화가 진행되고 있었다. 근대 초...
본문/내용
영국 산업혁명(18세기 말 19세기 초)에 앞서 영국을 포함한 유럽 여러 지역에서는 이미 오랜 동안 완만한 공업화가 진행되고 있었다. 근대 초기 유럽 여러 지역에서 일어난 농촌 직물 공업 중심의 공업화는 프로토 공업화(proto-industrialization)라 불린다. 프로토 공업화는 산업혁명 이전의 모든 농촌공업 발전을 가리키는 것은 아니다. Franklin Mendels는 1969년의 학위논문에서 프로토 공업화라는 용어를 처음 사용하면서 이를 “농촌 지역에서 주로 진행된 제조업 생산활동의 확대(an expansion of manufacturing activities principally in the countryside)”라고 정의했으나 이후 이 용어의 사용이 확산되는 과정에서 두 차례에 걸쳐 프로토 공업화의 의미가 보다 구체화되었다. 자세한 내용은 Mendels(1982, pp. 75-80)을 보라. 프로토 공업화론에 대한 보다 포괄적인 개관인 Clarkson(1985)도 참조하라. 이 글에서는 프로토 공업화를 ‘산업혁명에 선행하는 농촌 직물공업 중심의 완만한 공업화’라는 넓고 느슨한 의미로 사용한다.
이 논문은 프로토 공업화에 대한 기존의 설명들을 소개하고, 이들이 갖는 논리적, 경험적 문제들을 지적하며, 알려진 사실들을 모순없이 설명할 수 있는 새로운 가설을 제시하려 한다. 우선 다음(2) 절에서 18세기 중엽 이전 영국에서 상당히 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 점진적인 구조변동이 진행되고 있었음을 보이는 증거를 간단히 검토한다. 이같은 변화가 영국 이외에 네덜란드 같은 곳에서도 나타나고 있었지만 다른 한편 이탤리 북부 같은 전통적 공업생산 지역에서는 탈공업화가 근대초기에 진행되고 있었음을 확인한다. 3절에서는 프로토 공업화의 원인에 관한 주요한 두 가설을 소개하고 이들이 왜 만족스럽지 않은지를 설명한다.
이 논문은 프로토 공업화에 대한 기존의 설명들을 소개하고, 이들이 갖는 논리적, 경험적 문제들을 지적하며, 알려진 사실들을 모순없이 설명할 수 있는 새로운 가설을 제시하려 한다. 우선 다음(2) 절에서 18세기 중엽 이전 영국에서 상당히 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 점진적인 구조변동이 진행되고 있었음을 보이는 증거를 간단히 검토한다. 이같은 변화가 영국 이외에 네덜란드 같은 곳에서도 나타나고 있었지만 다른 한편 이탤리 북부 같은 전통적 공업생산 지역에서는 탈공업화가 근대초기에 진행되고 있었음을 확인한다. 3절에서는 프로토 공업화의 원인에 관한 주요한 두 가설을 소개하고 이들이 왜 만족스럽지 않은지를 설명한다.
참고문헌
Abel, W., 1978, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur, 3rd ed., O. Ordish (trans.) (1980) Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe, London: Methuen.
Beckett, J. V., 1990, The Agricultural Revolution, Oxford: Blackwell.
Bolton, J. L., 1980, The Medieval English Economy 1150-1500, London: Dent.
Boserup, E., 1965, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure, London.
Britnell, R. H., 1991, `The Towns of England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century,` Economic History Review, 44, pp. 21-35.
Cameron, R., 1985, `A New View of European Industrialisation,` Economic History Review, 38, pp. 1-23.
Carus-Wilson, E. M. and Olive Coleman, 1963, England`s Export Trade, 1275-1547, Oxford.
Chorley, G. P. H., 1981, `The Agricultural Revolution in Northern Europe, 1750-1880,` Economic History Review, 34, pp. 71-93.
Cipolla, C. M., 1952, `The Decline of Italy,` Economic History Review, 5, pp. 178-187.
Cipolla, C. M., 1965, “Four Centuries of Italian Demographic Development,” in D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley, eds., Population in History, London: Edward Arnold.
Cipolla, C. M., 1993, Before the Industrial Revolution, 3rd ed., New York: Norton.
Clark, G., 1991, `Yields per Acre in English Agriculture, 1300-1860: Evidence from Labor Inputs,` Economic History Review, 44, pp. 445-460.
Clarkson, L. A., 1985, Proto-industrialization: The First Phase of Industrialization?, London: Macmillan.
Coleman, D. C., 1975, Industry in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Macmillan.
Coleman, D. C., 1977, Economy of England, 1450-1750, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coleman, D. C., 1983, `Proto-Industrialization: A Concept Too Many,` Economic History Review, 36, pp. 435-448.
Crafts, N. F. R., 1977, `Industrial Revolution in Englan and France: Some Thoughts on the Question, `Why was England First?,` Economic History Review, 30, pp. 429-441.
Crafts, N. F. R.., 1994, `The Industrial Revolution,` in Floud, R. and D. N. McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, 2nd ed., vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, R., 1954, `English Foreign Trade, 1660-1700,` Economic History Review, 7, pp. 150-166.
Davis, R., 1973a, English Overseas Trade 1500-1700, London: Macmillan.
Davis, R., 1973b, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies, London: Weidenfeld Nicholson.
de Maddalena, A., 1974, `Rural Europe, 1500-1750,` in Cipolla, C., ed, Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, Glasgow: Fontana.
de Vries, J., 1976, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deaux, G., 1969, The Black Death, London.
Domar, E., 1970, `The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: a Hypothesis,` Journal of Economic History, 30, pp. 18-32.
Fairbank, J. K., 1993, China: A New History, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Feuerwerker, A., 1996, `Handicraft Industry in Ming and Ch`ing China: `Proto-Industrialization` ca. 1550-1850,` in Albert Feuerwerker, ed., Studies in the Economic History of Late Imperial China, Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies of the University of Michigan.
Flinn, M. W., 1981, The European Demographic System 1500-1820, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Froot, K. A., M. Kim and K. Rogoff, 1995, `The Law of One Price over 700 years,` NBER Working Paper, No. 5132.
Gullickson, G. L., 1983, `Agriculture and Cottage Industry: Redefining the Causes of Proto-Industrialization,` Journal of Economic History, 43, pp. 831-850.
Harley, C. K., 1993, `Reassessing the Industrial Revolution: A Macro View,` in Mokyr, J. (ed.) The Industrial Revolution, Boulder: Westview.
Huang, P., 1985, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Huang, P., 1991, `The Paradigmatic Crisis in Chinese Studies,` Modern China, 17, pp. 299-341.
Jones, E., 1968, `Agricultural Origins of Industry,` Past and Present, 40, pp. 58-71.
McEvedy, C. and R. Jones, 1978, Atlas of World Population History, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
McNeill, W. H., 1965, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, New York: Mentor.
McNeill, W., 1976, Plagues and Peoples, New York: Anchor.
Mendels, F., 1972, `Proto-industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process,` Journal of Economic History, 32, pp. 241-261.
Mendels, F., 1982, “Proto-industrialization: Theory and Reality. General Report,` 8th International Economic History Congress, `A` Themes, Budapest.
Mols, R., 1974, `Population in Europe,` in Cipolla, C., ed, Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, Glasgow: Fontana.
O`Brien, P. K., 1985, `Agriculture and the Home Market for English Industry,` English Historical Review, 100, pp. 773-800.
O`Brien, P. K. and G. Toniolo, 1991, `The Poverty of Italy and the Backwardness of its Agriculture before 1914,` in Campbell, B. and M. Overton, eds., Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity, Manchester.
O`Brien, P. K. and L. Prados de al Escosura, 1992, `Agricultural Productivity and European Industrialization, 1890-1980,` Economic History Review, 45, pp. 514-536.
Pollard, S., 1981, Peaceful Conquest, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phelps Brown, H. and S. Hopkins, 1956, `Seven Centuries of Prices of Consumables, compared with Builders` Wage-rates,` Economica, 23, pp. 296-314.
Persson, K. G., 1988, Pre-industrial Economic Growth, Oxford: Blackwell.
Pullan, B., 1968, `Wage Earners and the Venetian Economy: 1550-1630,` in B. Pullan, ed., Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy, London: Methuen.
Sella, D., 1974, `European Industries 1500-1700,` in Cipolla, C., ed, Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, Glasgow: Fontana.
Slicher van Bath, B. H., 1977, `Agriculture in the Vital Revolution,` in Rich, E. E. and C. H. Wilson (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. V.
Thirsk, J., 1961, `Industries in the Countryside,` in F. J. Fisher, ed., Essays in the Economic and Social History of England in Honour of R. H. Tawney, Cambridge.
Tortella, G., 1994, `Patterns of Economic Retardation and Recovery in South-western Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,` Economic History Review, 47, pp. 1-21.
Vandenbroeke, C., 1982, `Analyse Critique de la Phase Proto-industrielle en Flandre: L`evolution Sociale et le Comportement Demographique, 17e siecle-19e siecle,` 8th International Economic History Congress, `A` Themes, Budapest.
Wrigley, E. A., 1988, Continuity, Chance and Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wrigley, E. A. and Roger Schofield, 1981, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction, London: Edward Arnold.
김종현, 1979, 경제사, 서울: 경문사.
안병직, 1989, 한국경제사: 조선후기의 사회경제, 서울: 서울대학교 경제학과.
차명수, 1992, “산업혁명”, 배영수 (편) 서양사 강의, 서울: 한울.
Beckett, J. V., 1990, The Agricultural Revolution, Oxford: Blackwell.
Bolton, J. L., 1980, The Medieval English Economy 1150-1500, London: Dent.
Boserup, E., 1965, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure, London.
Britnell, R. H., 1991, `The Towns of England and Northern Italy in the Early Fourteenth Century,` Economic History Review, 44, pp. 21-35.
Cameron, R., 1985, `A New View of European Industrialisation,` Economic History Review, 38, pp. 1-23.
Carus-Wilson, E. M. and Olive Coleman, 1963, England`s Export Trade, 1275-1547, Oxford.
Chorley, G. P. H., 1981, `The Agricultural Revolution in Northern Europe, 1750-1880,` Economic History Review, 34, pp. 71-93.
Cipolla, C. M., 1952, `The Decline of Italy,` Economic History Review, 5, pp. 178-187.
Cipolla, C. M., 1965, “Four Centuries of Italian Demographic Development,” in D. V. Glass and D. E. C. Eversley, eds., Population in History, London: Edward Arnold.
Cipolla, C. M., 1993, Before the Industrial Revolution, 3rd ed., New York: Norton.
Clark, G., 1991, `Yields per Acre in English Agriculture, 1300-1860: Evidence from Labor Inputs,` Economic History Review, 44, pp. 445-460.
Clarkson, L. A., 1985, Proto-industrialization: The First Phase of Industrialization?, London: Macmillan.
Coleman, D. C., 1975, Industry in Tudor and Stuart England, London: Macmillan.
Coleman, D. C., 1977, Economy of England, 1450-1750, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coleman, D. C., 1983, `Proto-Industrialization: A Concept Too Many,` Economic History Review, 36, pp. 435-448.
Crafts, N. F. R., 1977, `Industrial Revolution in Englan and France: Some Thoughts on the Question, `Why was England First?,` Economic History Review, 30, pp. 429-441.
Crafts, N. F. R.., 1994, `The Industrial Revolution,` in Floud, R. and D. N. McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, 2nd ed., vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, R., 1954, `English Foreign Trade, 1660-1700,` Economic History Review, 7, pp. 150-166.
Davis, R., 1973a, English Overseas Trade 1500-1700, London: Macmillan.
Davis, R., 1973b, The Rise of the Atlantic Economies, London: Weidenfeld Nicholson.
de Maddalena, A., 1974, `Rural Europe, 1500-1750,` in Cipolla, C., ed, Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, Glasgow: Fontana.
de Vries, J., 1976, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Deaux, G., 1969, The Black Death, London.
Domar, E., 1970, `The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: a Hypothesis,` Journal of Economic History, 30, pp. 18-32.
Fairbank, J. K., 1993, China: A New History, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Feuerwerker, A., 1996, `Handicraft Industry in Ming and Ch`ing China: `Proto-Industrialization` ca. 1550-1850,` in Albert Feuerwerker, ed., Studies in the Economic History of Late Imperial China, Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies of the University of Michigan.
Flinn, M. W., 1981, The European Demographic System 1500-1820, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Froot, K. A., M. Kim and K. Rogoff, 1995, `The Law of One Price over 700 years,` NBER Working Paper, No. 5132.
Gullickson, G. L., 1983, `Agriculture and Cottage Industry: Redefining the Causes of Proto-Industrialization,` Journal of Economic History, 43, pp. 831-850.
Harley, C. K., 1993, `Reassessing the Industrial Revolution: A Macro View,` in Mokyr, J. (ed.) The Industrial Revolution, Boulder: Westview.
Huang, P., 1985, The Peasant Economy and Social Change in North China, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Huang, P., 1991, `The Paradigmatic Crisis in Chinese Studies,` Modern China, 17, pp. 299-341.
Jones, E., 1968, `Agricultural Origins of Industry,` Past and Present, 40, pp. 58-71.
McEvedy, C. and R. Jones, 1978, Atlas of World Population History, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
McNeill, W. H., 1965, The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, New York: Mentor.
McNeill, W., 1976, Plagues and Peoples, New York: Anchor.
Mendels, F., 1972, `Proto-industrialization: The First Phase of the Industrialization Process,` Journal of Economic History, 32, pp. 241-261.
Mendels, F., 1982, “Proto-industrialization: Theory and Reality. General Report,` 8th International Economic History Congress, `A` Themes, Budapest.
Mols, R., 1974, `Population in Europe,` in Cipolla, C., ed, Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, Glasgow: Fontana.
O`Brien, P. K., 1985, `Agriculture and the Home Market for English Industry,` English Historical Review, 100, pp. 773-800.
O`Brien, P. K. and G. Toniolo, 1991, `The Poverty of Italy and the Backwardness of its Agriculture before 1914,` in Campbell, B. and M. Overton, eds., Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity, Manchester.
O`Brien, P. K. and L. Prados de al Escosura, 1992, `Agricultural Productivity and European Industrialization, 1890-1980,` Economic History Review, 45, pp. 514-536.
Pollard, S., 1981, Peaceful Conquest, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phelps Brown, H. and S. Hopkins, 1956, `Seven Centuries of Prices of Consumables, compared with Builders` Wage-rates,` Economica, 23, pp. 296-314.
Persson, K. G., 1988, Pre-industrial Economic Growth, Oxford: Blackwell.
Pullan, B., 1968, `Wage Earners and the Venetian Economy: 1550-1630,` in B. Pullan, ed., Crisis and Change in the Venetian Economy, London: Methuen.
Sella, D., 1974, `European Industries 1500-1700,` in Cipolla, C., ed, Fontana Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, Glasgow: Fontana.
Slicher van Bath, B. H., 1977, `Agriculture in the Vital Revolution,` in Rich, E. E. and C. H. Wilson (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. V.
Thirsk, J., 1961, `Industries in the Countryside,` in F. J. Fisher, ed., Essays in the Economic and Social History of England in Honour of R. H. Tawney, Cambridge.
Tortella, G., 1994, `Patterns of Economic Retardation and Recovery in South-western Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,` Economic History Review, 47, pp. 1-21.
Vandenbroeke, C., 1982, `Analyse Critique de la Phase Proto-industrielle en Flandre: L`evolution Sociale et le Comportement Demographique, 17e siecle-19e siecle,` 8th International Economic History Congress, `A` Themes, Budapest.
Wrigley, E. A., 1988, Continuity, Chance and Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wrigley, E. A. and Roger Schofield, 1981, The Population History of England, 1541-1871: A Reconstruction, London: Edward Arnold.
김종현, 1979, 경제사, 서울: 경문사.
안병직, 1989, 한국경제사: 조선후기의 사회경제, 서울: 서울대학교 경제학과.
차명수, 1992, “산업혁명”, 배영수 (편) 서양사 강의, 서울: 한울.
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