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북한의 기아상태가 소아 정신 건강에 미치는 영향
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북한의 기아상태가 소아 정신 건강에 미치는 영향.hwp
[Size :
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4. 무기질
뇌에 여기저기 분포하고 있는 zinc 와 iron이 부족할 경우 뇌의 발달에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구도 많이 이루어졌다....
뇌에 여기저기 분포하고 있는 zinc 와 iron이 부족할 경우 뇌의 발달에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구도 많이 이루어졌다....
본문/내용
4. 무기질
뇌에 여기저기 분포하고 있는 zinc 와 iron이 부족할 경우 뇌의 발달에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구도 많이 이루어졌다. Zinc는 주로 해마에 주요하게 저장되어 있다가 빠른 turn over를 겪으면서 GABA 와 glutamate의 분비를 조절한다(Pfeiffer 등, 1982,; Chang 등, 1995). 이런 과정을 통해 zinc는 정상적인 뇌신경계의 형태를 만드는데 중요한 역할을 하고 있다(Dreosti, 1993). 원숭이와 쥐실험을 통해 태아기와 영아기때 zinc가 결핍될 경우, 학습능력이 저하되고 활동성이 감소되며 인지과제 수행이 저하된다고 보고한 바 있다(Golub, 1995). Halas 등(1979)도 태어난 직후 zinc의 결핍을 경험했던 성인쥐에서 장기 기억력이 저하되어있음을 보고하였다. Iron 또한 중추신경계의 기능에 필수적인 물질로서 이것이 결핍될 경우 dopamine의 D2 receptor의 농도에 변화가 생겨 집중력이 저하된다는 연구결과도 있다(Beard, 1995). Weinberg 등(1980)은 iron이 결핍된 쥐에서 강한 자극에 대한 반응이 느리고 활동성 및 각성이 저하되어 있음을 발견하고 초기 발달에서 iron 결핍이 초래하는 여러 인지적, 행동적 영향력을 강조하였다.
5. 기타
마…(생략)
뇌에 여기저기 분포하고 있는 zinc 와 iron이 부족할 경우 뇌의 발달에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구도 많이 이루어졌다. Zinc는 주로 해마에 주요하게 저장되어 있다가 빠른 turn over를 겪으면서 GABA 와 glutamate의 분비를 조절한다(Pfeiffer 등, 1982,; Chang 등, 1995). 이런 과정을 통해 zinc는 정상적인 뇌신경계의 형태를 만드는데 중요한 역할을 하고 있다(Dreosti, 1993). 원숭이와 쥐실험을 통해 태아기와 영아기때 zinc가 결핍될 경우, 학습능력이 저하되고 활동성이 감소되며 인지과제 수행이 저하된다고 보고한 바 있다(Golub, 1995). Halas 등(1979)도 태어난 직후 zinc의 결핍을 경험했던 성인쥐에서 장기 기억력이 저하되어있음을 보고하였다. Iron 또한 중추신경계의 기능에 필수적인 물질로서 이것이 결핍될 경우 dopamine의 D2 receptor의 농도에 변화가 생겨 집중력이 저하된다는 연구결과도 있다(Beard, 1995). Weinberg 등(1980)은 iron이 결핍된 쥐에서 강한 자극에 대한 반응이 느리고 활동성 및 각성이 저하되어 있음을 발견하고 초기 발달에서 iron 결핍이 초래하는 여러 인지적, 행동적 영향력을 강조하였다.
5. 기타
마…(생략)
참고문헌
Beard J(1995): One person`s view of iron deficiency, development, and cognitive function. Am J Clin Nutr 62: 709-710
Browning JD, O`Dell BL(1994): Low zinc status in guinea pigs impairs calcium uptake by brain synapsomes. J Nutr 124: 436-443
Conner WE, Neuringer M, Reisbick S(1992): Essential fatty acids: the importance of(n-3) fatty acids in the retina and brain. Nutr Res 50: 21-29
Chang Y, Amin J, Weiss DS(1995): Zinc is amixed antagonist of hormoric p1 γ-aminobutyrosineic aid activated channels. Mol Pharmacol 47: 595-602
Chavez A, Martinez C, Yaschine T(1975): Nutrition, behavioral development, mother and mother-child interaction in young rural children. Federation Proceedings 34:7
Dobbing J(1975): Maternal nutrition and neurobiological development. Mod Probl Paediatr 12: 83-88
Dreosti IE(1993): Zinc in brain development and function. Essential and toxic trace elements in human health and disease: and update. Prog Clin Biol Res 380: 81-90
Felt BT, Lozoff B(1996): Brain iron and behvior of rats are not normalized by treatment of iron deficiency anemia during early development. J Nutr 126: 693-701
Fernstrom MH, Fernstrom JD(1995): Brain tryptophan concentrations and serotonin systhesis remain responsive to food consumption after the ingestion of sequential meals. Am J Clin Nutr 61:312-319
Freeman E, Klein RE, Townsend JW, Lechtig A(1980): Nutrition and cognitive development among rural Guatemalan Children. Am J Pub Health 70: 1277-1285
Galler JR, Ramsey F, Solimano G(1984): The influence early malnutrition on subsequent behavioral developement III. Learning Disabilities as a Sequel to malnutrition. Ped. Res. 18(4): 309-313
Galler JR, Ramsey F, Solimano G, Lowell W(1983b): The influence early malnutrition on subsequent behavioral developement. II. Classroom behavior. J. Am. Acad. Child Pschiat 22: 16-22
Golub MS, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Hendrickx AG(1995): Developmental zinc deficiency and behavior. J Nutr 125: 2263S-2271S
Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CM, Waker SP, Himes JH(1991): Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation and mental development of stunted children : the Jamaican study. Lancet 338(8758):1-5
Halas ES, Heinrich MD, Sandstead HH(1979): Long-term memory deficits in adult rats due to postnatal malnutrition. Physiol Behav 22: 991-997
Joos SK, Pollitt E, Mueller WH, Albright DL(1983): The Bacon Chow Study: Maternal nutritional supplementation and infant behavioral development. Child Dev 54: 669-676
Koski KG, Lanoue L, Young SN(1995): Maternal dietary carbohydrate restriction influences the developmental profile of postnatal rat brain indoleamine metabolism. Biol Neonate 67: 122-131
Lauder Jm(1990): Ontogeny of the serotonic system in the rat: serotonin as a developmental signal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 369: 300-314
Lehnert H, Wurtman Rj(1993): Amino acid control of neurotransmitter systhesis and release: physiological and clinical implication. Psychother Psychosm 60: 18-31
Levitsky DA, Strupp BJ(1995): Malnutrition and the Brain : Changing Concepts, Changing Concern. J Nutr 125: 2212S-2220S
Nelson C, Erickson K, Pinero DJ, Beard JL(1997): In vivo dopamine metabolism in altered in iron deficient anemic rats. J Nutr 127:2282-2288
Nilsson OG, Strecker RE, Daszuta A, Bjorkjund A(1988): Combined cholinergic and serotonergic denervation of the forebrain produceds servere deficits in a spatial learning task in the rat. Brain Res 453: 235-246
Pappas BA, Murtha SJE, Park GAS(1992): Neonal dopamine depletion and the cortical behavioral consequences of enriched postweaning enviornment. Pharm Biochem Behav 42: 741-8
Pfeiffer CC, Braverman ER(1982): Zinc, the brain and behavior. Biol Psychiatry 17: 513-532
Politt E(1988): A critical view of three decades of research on the effects of chronic energy malnutrition on behavioral development. In: Chronic Energy Deficiency: Consequences and Related Issues, Proceedings of the international Dietary Energy Consulatative Group metting held in Guatemala City, Guatemala. Nestle Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Politt E, Gorman KS, Engel P, Matorell R, Rivera J(1993): Early supplementary feeding and cognition: effect over two decades Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 58(7), Serial No.235
Politt E, Oh S(1994): Early Supplementary feeding, child development and health policy. Food Nutr.Bull. 15(3): 208-214
Vanderwolf CH(1987): Near total loss of `learning` and `memory` as a result of combined cholinergic and serotonergic blockade in the rat. Behav Brain Res 23: 43-57
Wainwright PE(1997): Essential fatty acids and behavior : is there a role for the eicosanoids? In Yehuda S, Mostofsky D, eds. Handbook of essential fatty acid biology: biochemistry, physiology, and behavior. Ottawa; Human Press, 229-341
Wainwright PE, Xing H-C, Girard T, et al(1998) : Effects of dietary(n-3) fatty acid deficiency on Morris water maze performance and amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Nutr Nuerosci 1: 281-293
Weinberg J, Dallman PR, Levine S(1980): Iron deficeincy during early development in the rat; behavioral and physiological consequences are alterd in developing iron-deficient rats J Nutr 125: 1529-1535
Zeisel SH(1992): Choline: an important nutrient in brain development, liver fuction,and carcinogenesis. J Am Coll Nutr 11: 473-481
Browning JD, O`Dell BL(1994): Low zinc status in guinea pigs impairs calcium uptake by brain synapsomes. J Nutr 124: 436-443
Conner WE, Neuringer M, Reisbick S(1992): Essential fatty acids: the importance of(n-3) fatty acids in the retina and brain. Nutr Res 50: 21-29
Chang Y, Amin J, Weiss DS(1995): Zinc is amixed antagonist of hormoric p1 γ-aminobutyrosineic aid activated channels. Mol Pharmacol 47: 595-602
Chavez A, Martinez C, Yaschine T(1975): Nutrition, behavioral development, mother and mother-child interaction in young rural children. Federation Proceedings 34:7
Dobbing J(1975): Maternal nutrition and neurobiological development. Mod Probl Paediatr 12: 83-88
Dreosti IE(1993): Zinc in brain development and function. Essential and toxic trace elements in human health and disease: and update. Prog Clin Biol Res 380: 81-90
Felt BT, Lozoff B(1996): Brain iron and behvior of rats are not normalized by treatment of iron deficiency anemia during early development. J Nutr 126: 693-701
Fernstrom MH, Fernstrom JD(1995): Brain tryptophan concentrations and serotonin systhesis remain responsive to food consumption after the ingestion of sequential meals. Am J Clin Nutr 61:312-319
Freeman E, Klein RE, Townsend JW, Lechtig A(1980): Nutrition and cognitive development among rural Guatemalan Children. Am J Pub Health 70: 1277-1285
Galler JR, Ramsey F, Solimano G(1984): The influence early malnutrition on subsequent behavioral developement III. Learning Disabilities as a Sequel to malnutrition. Ped. Res. 18(4): 309-313
Galler JR, Ramsey F, Solimano G, Lowell W(1983b): The influence early malnutrition on subsequent behavioral developement. II. Classroom behavior. J. Am. Acad. Child Pschiat 22: 16-22
Golub MS, Keen CL, Gershwin ME, Hendrickx AG(1995): Developmental zinc deficiency and behavior. J Nutr 125: 2263S-2271S
Grantham-McGregor SM, Powell CM, Waker SP, Himes JH(1991): Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulation and mental development of stunted children : the Jamaican study. Lancet 338(8758):1-5
Halas ES, Heinrich MD, Sandstead HH(1979): Long-term memory deficits in adult rats due to postnatal malnutrition. Physiol Behav 22: 991-997
Joos SK, Pollitt E, Mueller WH, Albright DL(1983): The Bacon Chow Study: Maternal nutritional supplementation and infant behavioral development. Child Dev 54: 669-676
Koski KG, Lanoue L, Young SN(1995): Maternal dietary carbohydrate restriction influences the developmental profile of postnatal rat brain indoleamine metabolism. Biol Neonate 67: 122-131
Lauder Jm(1990): Ontogeny of the serotonic system in the rat: serotonin as a developmental signal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 369: 300-314
Lehnert H, Wurtman Rj(1993): Amino acid control of neurotransmitter systhesis and release: physiological and clinical implication. Psychother Psychosm 60: 18-31
Levitsky DA, Strupp BJ(1995): Malnutrition and the Brain : Changing Concepts, Changing Concern. J Nutr 125: 2212S-2220S
Nelson C, Erickson K, Pinero DJ, Beard JL(1997): In vivo dopamine metabolism in altered in iron deficient anemic rats. J Nutr 127:2282-2288
Nilsson OG, Strecker RE, Daszuta A, Bjorkjund A(1988): Combined cholinergic and serotonergic denervation of the forebrain produceds servere deficits in a spatial learning task in the rat. Brain Res 453: 235-246
Pappas BA, Murtha SJE, Park GAS(1992): Neonal dopamine depletion and the cortical behavioral consequences of enriched postweaning enviornment. Pharm Biochem Behav 42: 741-8
Pfeiffer CC, Braverman ER(1982): Zinc, the brain and behavior. Biol Psychiatry 17: 513-532
Politt E(1988): A critical view of three decades of research on the effects of chronic energy malnutrition on behavioral development. In: Chronic Energy Deficiency: Consequences and Related Issues, Proceedings of the international Dietary Energy Consulatative Group metting held in Guatemala City, Guatemala. Nestle Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Politt E, Gorman KS, Engel P, Matorell R, Rivera J(1993): Early supplementary feeding and cognition: effect over two decades Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 58(7), Serial No.235
Politt E, Oh S(1994): Early Supplementary feeding, child development and health policy. Food Nutr.Bull. 15(3): 208-214
Vanderwolf CH(1987): Near total loss of `learning` and `memory` as a result of combined cholinergic and serotonergic blockade in the rat. Behav Brain Res 23: 43-57
Wainwright PE(1997): Essential fatty acids and behavior : is there a role for the eicosanoids? In Yehuda S, Mostofsky D, eds. Handbook of essential fatty acid biology: biochemistry, physiology, and behavior. Ottawa; Human Press, 229-341
Wainwright PE, Xing H-C, Girard T, et al(1998) : Effects of dietary(n-3) fatty acid deficiency on Morris water maze performance and amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Nutr Nuerosci 1: 281-293
Weinberg J, Dallman PR, Levine S(1980): Iron deficeincy during early development in the rat; behavioral and physiological consequences are alterd in developing iron-deficient rats J Nutr 125: 1529-1535
Zeisel SH(1992): Choline: an important nutrient in brain development, liver fuction,and carcinogenesis. J Am Coll Nutr 11: 473-481
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