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공격성 개관
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공격성 개관.hwp
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공격성 개관.hwp
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자료설명
1. 부호해석 과정
: 관련된 사회적 정보를 탐색하며 색출한 정보에 주의를 집중하는 과정.
-> 보기; 어디선가 날아온 공에 맞아...
: 관련된 사회적 정보를 탐색하며 색출한 정보에 주의를 집중하는 과정.
-> 보기; 어디선가 날아온 공에 맞아...
본문/내용
1. 부호해석 과정
: 관련된 사회적 정보를 탐색하며 색출한 정보에 주의를 집중하는 과정.
-> 보기; 어디선가 날아온 공에 맞아 아픈 아동이 그 원인을 찾으려 함.
2. 해석 과정
: 탐색한 정보를 나름대로 파악하는 과정.
-> 보기; 그 공이 다른 아동이 던진 공으로 밝혀졌을 때, 그것이 고의적인지 우발적인 행동인지 파악함.
3. 반응탐색 과정
: 자신이 할 수 있는 여러 가지 반응을 탐색하는 과정.
-> 보기; 공을 던진 아동을 때려주는 것 이외에 어떠한 가용한 반응이 있는지 탐색함.
4. 반응결정 과정
: 자신이 할 수 있는 여러 가지 반응과 그 결과를 비교한 후 최적 반응을 결정하는 과정.
-> 보기; 여러 가지 반응이 가져올 결과에 대해 고려하고 때려줄 지 아니면 다른 방법으로 골려 줄지 생각하고 최종적으로 결정을 내림.
5. 부호화 과정
: 선택한 반응을 수행하는 과정. 부호화하는 능력은 사람마다 다름.
-> 보기; 공을 던진 아동에게 공을 던짐.
좌절과 공격
1. 사람들이 좌절했을 때 공격 행동을 보이는 이유
1) Freudian
: 좌절이 본능적이며 반사적인 공격 욕구를 유발하기 때문.
2) Mischel(1971)
: 공격 행동을 통해 좌절에서 벗어났던 경험을 통해 공격 행동을 학습하였기 때문.
3) Feshbach(1970)
: 좌절당하면 공격해야 한다는 규범을 학습했기 때문.
4) Dodge(1980, 1982)
: 좌절에 대한 사회-인지적 정보의 처리 과정이 불완전하거나 편파적이기 때문.
5) 요약
: 욕구 좌절이 반드시 공격성을 유발한다고는 할 수 없음. 즉, 때때로 좌절 때문에 공격 행동이 일어난다 하더라도 그것을 본능적 추동에 의한 반사적 행동이라고 단정할 만한 근거가 희박하다. 좌절과 공격성의 관계를 설명하고자 하는 대부분의 이론에서는 좌절 시 개인의 사회적 학습 경험 및 인지적 반응을 중요시 함.
참고문헌
손 정 락(역). 1996. 성격 심리학. 교육과학사.
최상진, 최순영(역). 1989. 인간의 사회적 발달. 성원사.
홍 대 식(역). 1993. 사회 심리학. 양영각.
Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of models` reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589-595.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963a). Aggression. In H. W. Stevenson (Ed.), Child Psychology. Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education.
Barker, R. G., Dembo, T., & Lewin, K. (1941). Frustration and regression: An experiment with young children. University of Iowa Studies in child Welfare. 18, 1-314.
Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review. 75, 81-95.
Berkowitz, L. (1974). some determinants of impulsive aggression: Role of mediated associations with reinforcement for aggression. Psychological Review, 81, 165-176.
Buss, A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. New York: John Wiley.
Buss, D. M., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). Preschool activity level: Personality correlates and developmental implications. Child Development, 51, 401-408.
Cairns, R. B. (1979a). The analysis of social interactions. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Cairns, R. B. (1979b). Social development: The origins and plasticity of interchanges. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Company Publishers.
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
Dodge, K. A. (1982). Social information processing variables in the development of aggression and altruism in children. Pater presented at the Society for Research in Child Development and Foundation for Child Development Conference on Aggression and Altruism, Bethesda, Maryland.
Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N. E. Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Feshback, S. (1956). The catharsis hypothesis and some consequences of interaction with aggressive and neutral play objects. Journal of Personality, 24, 449-462.
Feshbach, S. (1970). Aggression. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael`s manual of child psychology. New York: John Wiley.
Freedman, D. G., & Keller, B. (1963). Inheritance of behavior in infants. Science. 140, 196-198.
Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
Goodenough, F. L. (1931). Anger in young children. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hartup, W. W. (1974). Aggression in childhood: Developmental perspectives. American Psychologist, 29, 336-341.
Kagan, J., & Moss, H. A. (1962). Birth to maturity: A study in psychological development. New York: John Wiley.
Kenny, D. T. (1952). An experimental test of the catharsis theory of aggression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.
Levine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories conflict ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. New York: Wiley.
Lorenz, K. Z. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press.
Mallick, S. K., & McCandless, B. R. (1966). A study of catharsis of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 591-596.
Mischel, W. (1971). Introduction to personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Moyer, K. E. (1968). Kinds of aggression and their physiological bases. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 2, 65-87.
Mussen, P. H., & Rutherford, E. (1961). Effects of aggressive cartoons on children`s aggressive play. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 2, 461-464.
Muste, M. J., & Sharp, D. F. (1947). Some influential factors in the determination of aggressive behavior in preschool children. Child Development, 18, 11-28.
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 852-875.
Patterson, A. H. (1974). Hostility catharsis: A naturalistic quasi-experiment. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans. September.
Sears, D. O., Freedman, J. L., & Peplau, L. A. (1985). Social Psychology.
Tinbergen, N. (1951). The study of instinct. London: Oxford University Press.
Walters, R. H., & Brown, M. (1963). Studies of reinforcement of aggression: III: Transfer of responses to an interpersonal situation. Child Development, 34, 207-214.
Whiting, B. B., & Whiting, J. W. M. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: harvard University Press.
Wilder, J. (1947). Sugar metabolism in its relation to criminology. In S. Linduer, & B. J. Seliger (Eds.), Handbook of correctional psychology. New York: Philosophical Library.
최상진, 최순영(역). 1989. 인간의 사회적 발달. 성원사.
홍 대 식(역). 1993. 사회 심리학. 양영각.
Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of models` reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589-595.
Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963a). Aggression. In H. W. Stevenson (Ed.), Child Psychology. Chicago: National Society for the Study of Education.
Barker, R. G., Dembo, T., & Lewin, K. (1941). Frustration and regression: An experiment with young children. University of Iowa Studies in child Welfare. 18, 1-314.
Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review. 75, 81-95.
Berkowitz, L. (1974). some determinants of impulsive aggression: Role of mediated associations with reinforcement for aggression. Psychological Review, 81, 165-176.
Buss, A. H. (1961). The psychology of aggression. New York: John Wiley.
Buss, D. M., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). Preschool activity level: Personality correlates and developmental implications. Child Development, 51, 401-408.
Cairns, R. B. (1979a). The analysis of social interactions. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Cairns, R. B. (1979b). Social development: The origins and plasticity of interchanges. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman & Company Publishers.
Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
Dodge, K. A. (1982). Social information processing variables in the development of aggression and altruism in children. Pater presented at the Society for Research in Child Development and Foundation for Child Development Conference on Aggression and Altruism, Bethesda, Maryland.
Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N. E. Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Feshback, S. (1956). The catharsis hypothesis and some consequences of interaction with aggressive and neutral play objects. Journal of Personality, 24, 449-462.
Feshbach, S. (1970). Aggression. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael`s manual of child psychology. New York: John Wiley.
Freedman, D. G., & Keller, B. (1963). Inheritance of behavior in infants. Science. 140, 196-198.
Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
Goodenough, F. L. (1931). Anger in young children. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hartup, W. W. (1974). Aggression in childhood: Developmental perspectives. American Psychologist, 29, 336-341.
Kagan, J., & Moss, H. A. (1962). Birth to maturity: A study in psychological development. New York: John Wiley.
Kenny, D. T. (1952). An experimental test of the catharsis theory of aggression. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.
Levine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories conflict ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. New York: Wiley.
Lorenz, K. Z. (1966). On aggression. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press.
Mallick, S. K., & McCandless, B. R. (1966). A study of catharsis of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 591-596.
Mischel, W. (1971). Introduction to personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Moyer, K. E. (1968). Kinds of aggression and their physiological bases. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 2, 65-87.
Mussen, P. H., & Rutherford, E. (1961). Effects of aggressive cartoons on children`s aggressive play. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 2, 461-464.
Muste, M. J., & Sharp, D. F. (1947). Some influential factors in the determination of aggressive behavior in preschool children. Child Development, 18, 11-28.
Olweus, D. (1979). Stability of aggressive reaction patterns in males: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 852-875.
Patterson, A. H. (1974). Hostility catharsis: A naturalistic quasi-experiment. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New Orleans. September.
Sears, D. O., Freedman, J. L., & Peplau, L. A. (1985). Social Psychology.
Tinbergen, N. (1951). The study of instinct. London: Oxford University Press.
Walters, R. H., & Brown, M. (1963). Studies of reinforcement of aggression: III: Transfer of responses to an interpersonal situation. Child Development, 34, 207-214.
Whiting, B. B., & Whiting, J. W. M. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: harvard University Press.
Wilder, J. (1947). Sugar metabolism in its relation to criminology. In S. Linduer, & B. J. Seliger (Eds.), Handbook of correctional psychology. New York: Philosophical Library.
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