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민주주의의 세계화: 제3세계의 민주혁명
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민주주의의 세계화 제3세계의 민주혁명.hwp
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민주주의의 세계화 제3세계의 민주혁명.hwp
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자료설명
민주화를 추동하는 국내적 요인 중 가장 중요한 것은 독재체제(권위주의 체제와 전체주의 체제)가 안고 있는 정당성의 위기이다. 정당성이란 일반적으...
본문/내용
민주화를 추동하는 국내적 요인 중 가장 중요한 것은 독재체제(권위주의 체제와 전체주의 체제)가 안고 있는 정당성의 위기이다. 정당성이란 일반적으로 규범적 정당성과 도구적 정당성의 두 차원으로 나누어 볼 수 있는데, 제3세계의 독재체제는 이 두 차원에서 모두 심각한 본질적 결함을 가지고 있다.
먼저 규범적 정당성이란 기존하는 지배체제가 가장 적절하다는 믿음을 의미한다(Lipset, 1981: 64). 그러나 인류의 정치사가 ‘소수의 지배로부터 다수의 지배’로 발전해왔다고 파악하는 벤딕스(Bendix, 1978)에 따르면 고대로부터 오늘날에 이르기까지 존재해 온 다양한 형태의 독재체제는 영국의 시민혁명, 프랑스 혁명, 미국 혁명, 그외 여러 사회주의 혁명에 의해 정당성의 근거를 상실하게 되었다고 한다. 특히 그는(p.4) “군주의 지배가 인민의 지배에 의해 대체되면서 지배권위의 질적 전환이 일어났다. 오늘날에는 비록 군사독재체제나 입헌군주제라 하더라도 그들의 지배를 인민주권에 의해 정당화하지 않으면 안되게 되었다. 결국 인민주권 이외에 다른 형태의 정당화는 생각해볼 수도 없게 되었다” 주장함으로써 군부엘리트, 사인주의적 엘리트, 정당엘리트 등에 의한 소수지배가 얼마나 취약한 기초 위에 놓여있는가를 적확하게 지적하였다.
이렇게 볼 때 제3세계의 독재체제는 더욱 취약한 이념적 기반을 가지고 있다고 보지 않을 수 없다. 왜냐하면 대부분의 제3세계 국가들은 제1세계의 선진국들로부터 식민지배를 받았고, 2차대전의 종결과 함께 독립을 획득하면서 식민종주국이 남기고 간 민주적 헌법제도를 이어받았기 때문이다. 게다가 식민지배는 자유주의와 민주주의의 이데올로기를 식민지에 광범위하게 전파시켰으며, 식민…
이렇게 볼 때 제3세계의 독재체제는 더욱 취약한 이념적 기반을 가지고 있다고 보지 않을 수 없다. 왜냐하면 대부분의 제3세계 국가들은 제1세계의 선진국들로…
이렇게 볼 때 제3세계의 독재체제는 더욱 취약한 이념적 기반을 가지고 있다고 보지 않을 수 없다. 왜냐하면 대부분의 제3세계 국가들은 제1세계의 선진국들로…
참고문헌
성경륭, 1991. “자본주의와 민주주의의 변증법적 관계: 자본주의의 변혁가능성 모색,” ꡔ사회비평ꡕ 6호. 서울: 나남출판사.
______, 1993. “한국 정치민주화의 사회적 기원: 사회운동론적 접근,” 경남대 극동문제연구소(편), ꡔ한국정치·사회의 새 흐름ꡕ. 서울: 나남출판사.
Adedeji, A., 1994. `An Alternative for Africa,` Journal of Democracy 5: 119-132.
Ake, C., 1993. `Rethinking African Democracy,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Bendix, R., 1978. Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bobbio, N., 1989. Democracy and Dictatorship. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bremo, N., 1990. `Rethinking Regime Change,` Comparative Politics 22: 359-377.
Callaghy, T., 1994. `Africa: Back to the Future,` Journal of Democracy 5: 133-145.
Collier, D. and D.L. Norden, 1992. `Strategic Choice Models of Political Change in Latin America,` Comparative Politics 24: 229-243.
Dahl, R.A., 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University.
Diamond, L., 1988. Beyond Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism: Strategies for Democratization (A Paper for the Conference on `Pluralism, Participation, and Democracy` sponsored by the Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington).
___________, 1992. `The Globalization of Democracy: Trends, Types, Causes, and Prospects,` in R. Slater et. al. (eds.), Global Transformation and the Third World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
___________, 1993. `Three Paradoxes of Democracy,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
___________, J.J. Linz, and S.M. Lipset (eds.), 1988. Democracy in Developing Countries. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Freedom House, Freedom in the World (1974, 1984, 1994).
Friedman, E. (ed.), 1994. The Politics of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experiences. Boulder: Westerview Press.
Fukuyama, F., 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. N.Y.: The Free Press
Hakim, P. and A.F. Lowenthal, 1993. `Latin America`s Fragile Democracies,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Haggard. S. and R.R. Kaufman, 1994. `The Challenges of Consolidation,` Journal of Democracy 5: 5-16.
Horowitz, D.L., 1993. `Democracy in Divided Societies,` Journal of Democracy 4: 18-38.
Huntington, S.P., 1984. `Will More Countries Become Democratic?` Political Science Quarterly 99: 193-218.
_______________., 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Joseph, R., 1993. `Africa: The Rebirth of Political Freedom,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jowitt, K., 1993. `The New World Disorder,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Karl, T.L., 1988. Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America (A Paper submitted to Comparative Politics).
Kolakowski, L., 1993. `Uncertainties of a Democratic Age,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Linz, J., 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regime. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, S.M., 1981. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mann, M., 1988. States, War, and Capitalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Maravall, J.M., 1994. `The Myth of the Authortarian Advantages,` Journal of Democracy 5: 17-31.
Moore, B. Jr., 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Nelson, J.M., 1993. `The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?` World Politics 45: 433-463.
Nodia, G., 1994. `Nationalism and Democracy,` in L. Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
O`Donnell, G., 1994. `Delegative Democracy,` Journal of Democracy 5: 55-69.
_____________ and P.C. Schmitter, 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rueschemeyer, D., E.H. Stephens, and J.D. Stephens, 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Rustow, D.A., 1970. `Transitions to Democracy,` Comparative Politics 2: 337-363.
____________, 1990. `Democracy: A Global Revolution?` Foreign Affairs 69: 75-91.
Schmitter, P.C., 1975. `Liberation by Golpe: Prospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal,` Armed Forces and Society 2: 5-33.
Schmitter, P.C., 1994. `Dangers and Dilemmas of Democracy,` Journal of Democracy 5: 57-74.
Schumpeter, J.A., 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. N.Y.: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Seong, Kyoung-Ryung, 1990. Dynamic Patterns of Political Regime Changes from Authoritarian Rule in the Third World: An Event History Analysis, 1945-1986. Ph.D. Dissertation (unpublished). Department of Sociology, Stanford University.
Stepan, A., 1993. `On the Task of a Democratic Opposition,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Tilly, C., 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. N.Y.: Random House
Weigle, M.A. and J. Butterfield, 1992. `Civil Society in Reforming Communist Regimes : The Logic of Emergence,` Comparative Politics 24: 1-23.
Whitehead, L., 1986. `International Aspects of Democratization,` in G. O`Donnell and P.C. Schmitter (eds.), 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
World Bank, 1994. World Development Report 1994.
Zolberg, A., 1992. `The Specter of Anarchy: African States Verge on Dissolution,` Dissent (Summer).
______, 1993. “한국 정치민주화의 사회적 기원: 사회운동론적 접근,” 경남대 극동문제연구소(편), ꡔ한국정치·사회의 새 흐름ꡕ. 서울: 나남출판사.
Adedeji, A., 1994. `An Alternative for Africa,` Journal of Democracy 5: 119-132.
Ake, C., 1993. `Rethinking African Democracy,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Bendix, R., 1978. Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bobbio, N., 1989. Democracy and Dictatorship. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Bremo, N., 1990. `Rethinking Regime Change,` Comparative Politics 22: 359-377.
Callaghy, T., 1994. `Africa: Back to the Future,` Journal of Democracy 5: 133-145.
Collier, D. and D.L. Norden, 1992. `Strategic Choice Models of Political Change in Latin America,` Comparative Politics 24: 229-243.
Dahl, R.A., 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University.
Diamond, L., 1988. Beyond Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism: Strategies for Democratization (A Paper for the Conference on `Pluralism, Participation, and Democracy` sponsored by the Center for Strategic & International Studies, Washington).
___________, 1992. `The Globalization of Democracy: Trends, Types, Causes, and Prospects,` in R. Slater et. al. (eds.), Global Transformation and the Third World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
___________, 1993. `Three Paradoxes of Democracy,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
___________, J.J. Linz, and S.M. Lipset (eds.), 1988. Democracy in Developing Countries. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Freedom House, Freedom in the World (1974, 1984, 1994).
Friedman, E. (ed.), 1994. The Politics of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experiences. Boulder: Westerview Press.
Fukuyama, F., 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. N.Y.: The Free Press
Hakim, P. and A.F. Lowenthal, 1993. `Latin America`s Fragile Democracies,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Haggard. S. and R.R. Kaufman, 1994. `The Challenges of Consolidation,` Journal of Democracy 5: 5-16.
Horowitz, D.L., 1993. `Democracy in Divided Societies,` Journal of Democracy 4: 18-38.
Huntington, S.P., 1984. `Will More Countries Become Democratic?` Political Science Quarterly 99: 193-218.
_______________., 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Joseph, R., 1993. `Africa: The Rebirth of Political Freedom,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Jowitt, K., 1993. `The New World Disorder,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Karl, T.L., 1988. Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America (A Paper submitted to Comparative Politics).
Kolakowski, L., 1993. `Uncertainties of a Democratic Age,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Linz, J., 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regime. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lipset, S.M., 1981. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mann, M., 1988. States, War, and Capitalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Maravall, J.M., 1994. `The Myth of the Authortarian Advantages,` Journal of Democracy 5: 17-31.
Moore, B. Jr., 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Nelson, J.M., 1993. `The Politics of Economic Transformation: Is Third World Experience Relevant in Eastern Europe?` World Politics 45: 433-463.
Nodia, G., 1994. `Nationalism and Democracy,` in L. Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
O`Donnell, G., 1994. `Delegative Democracy,` Journal of Democracy 5: 55-69.
_____________ and P.C. Schmitter, 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rueschemeyer, D., E.H. Stephens, and J.D. Stephens, 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Rustow, D.A., 1970. `Transitions to Democracy,` Comparative Politics 2: 337-363.
____________, 1990. `Democracy: A Global Revolution?` Foreign Affairs 69: 75-91.
Schmitter, P.C., 1975. `Liberation by Golpe: Prospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal,` Armed Forces and Society 2: 5-33.
Schmitter, P.C., 1994. `Dangers and Dilemmas of Democracy,` Journal of Democracy 5: 57-74.
Schumpeter, J.A., 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. N.Y.: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Seong, Kyoung-Ryung, 1990. Dynamic Patterns of Political Regime Changes from Authoritarian Rule in the Third World: An Event History Analysis, 1945-1986. Ph.D. Dissertation (unpublished). Department of Sociology, Stanford University.
Stepan, A., 1993. `On the Task of a Democratic Opposition,` in Larry Diamond and M.F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Tilly, C., 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. N.Y.: Random House
Weigle, M.A. and J. Butterfield, 1992. `Civil Society in Reforming Communist Regimes : The Logic of Emergence,` Comparative Politics 24: 1-23.
Whitehead, L., 1986. `International Aspects of Democratization,` in G. O`Donnell and P.C. Schmitter (eds.), 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
World Bank, 1994. World Development Report 1994.
Zolberg, A., 1992. `The Specter of Anarchy: African States Verge on Dissolution,` Dissent (Summer).
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