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미국 농기업에 관한 농업사회학적 연구
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미국 농기업에 관한 농업사회학적 연구.hwp
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자료설명
미국 농업의 산업화
미국 농업의 산업화가 농기업의 성장에 크게 기여했다. 미국 농업의 산업화는 장기간에 걸쳐 진행되었는데, 그 방향은...
미국 농업의 산업화가 농기업의 성장에 크게 기여했다. 미국 농업의 산업화는 장기간에 걸쳐 진행되었는데, 그 방향은...
본문/내용
미국 농업의 산업화
미국 농업의 산업화가 농기업의 성장에 크게 기여했다. 미국 농업의 산업화는 장기간에 걸쳐 진행되었는데, 그 방향은 가족 노동력을 전제로 한 생산에서 자본주의적 대량생산체제로의 전환이다. 하지만 농업의 산업화는 제한된 수준에서 이루어졌다(Burbach and Flynn 1980: 30). 즉 농업에서는 일관작업이 없으며, 분업이 낮은 수준으로 이루어졌고, 지속적인 공정의 흐름이 아니며, 농번기를 제외하고는 노동자의 집단작업이 이루어지지 않고 있다. 또한 농업은 상당한 투입재를 의존하고 있으며, 교통시설, 농산물의 가공과 판매, 식량수요 등은 도시부문에 의존하고 있다. 이런 점에서 농업의 산업화는 반 산업적(semi-industrial)수준에 놓여 있다.
미국 농업에서 산업화가 제한된 수준에서 이루어졌지만, 농업의 내용과 성격을 바꾸어 놓았다. 농업의 산업화는 경작규모의 확대, 기계화, 농약, 화학비료 등의 대규모 투입, 보다 발전된 농업기술의 응용 등에 의해 가능했다. 경작규모의 확대는 노동력의 부족을 가져왔고, 이것은 트랙터 및 콤바인 등의 대규모 공급이 요구되었다. 또한 시장을 향한 경쟁과 대규모 투자비의 환수 필요성은 높은 농업생산성을 요구했고, 이것은 농약 및 화학비료 등의 대규모 투입을 가져왔다. 또 단위면적당 생산성을 높일 수 있는 종자의 선택과 기술은 농약, 화학비료의 공급에 토대를 두었다.
대형 농기계에 대한 수요는 이를 생산하고 수리하는 농기업의 발전을 가져왔다. 오늘날까지도 대형 농기계의 수요는 여전하다. 미국의 대형 트랙터와 콤바인 생산업체는 시장에서 독점적인 위치를 차지하고 있다. 1996년 기준 미국 국내 트랙터 판매대수를 보면(Anderson and Magleby,1997:143 table 3.4-1), two wheel drive 40-99마력 트랙터
참고문헌
김종덕, 1997, ꡔ원조의 정치경제학ꡕ(경남대학교 출판부).
박민선, 1998, “농업바이오테크놀로지의 쟁점들”, ꡔ농민과 사회ꡕ 1998년 겨울/통권 제19호,
한국농어촌사회연구소, pp.156-183.
조지 슈잔, 1982 ꡔ세계식량위기의 구조ꡕ(동녁).
Ackerman, Karen Z. 1996, `Agricultural Trade`, Nelson Fredrick J. and Lyle P. Schertz,
ed.,Provisions of the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of
1996, USDA, ERS, Agricultural Information Bulletin No.729, pp.32-42.
Anderson Margot and Richard Magleby, 1997, Agricultural Resource and Environmental
Indicators, 1996-97. USDA, Agricultural Handbook 712.
Andrilenas, Paul A., and Harry Vroomen,1990, ` Fertilizer,` Seven Farm Input
Industries, USDA,ERS, AER-635, Sept, pp.14-29.
Bolling, Christne, Steve Neff and Charles Handy, 1998, U.S. Foreign Direct Investment
In the Westren Hemisphere Processed food Industry, USDA, Agricultural
Economic Report No.760.
Bonano Alessandro, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Loudres Gouveia and Enzo
Mingione, 1994, From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture
and Food, University Press of Kansas.
Bonnen, James T., William P. Browne and David B. Schweikhardt,1996, `Further
Observations on the Changing Nature of National Agricultural Policy Decision
Process, 1946-1995,` Agricultural History, Vol.70. No.2, Spring 1996,pp.130-152.
Browne William P, 1988, Private Interests, Public Policy and American Agriculture,
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Burbach, Roger and Patrica Flynn,, 1980, Agribusiness in the America, Monthly Review
Press.
Cone, Richard A., and Emily Martin, 1997, “Corporeal Flows: The Immune System,
Global Economics of Food and Implications for Health, The Ecologist,
Vol.27, No.3, May/June, 1997,pp.107-111.
Cummins. Ronnie,1998, “ Monsanto and Fox TV Unite to Suppress Journalist`s Free
Speach on Hazards of Genetically Engineered Bovine Growth
Hormone(rBGHor rBST)`, http:/www.inmotiommagazine.com/fox.html
Dawkins, Kristin, 1997, “Bucking Biotech: the Global Threat of the New Agribusiness`,
Dollars and Sense, May/June 1997, pp.26-29.
Dunning,J.H. 1988, `The Electic Paradigm of International Production: A Restatement and
Some Possible Extensions,` Journal of International Business 19:1-31.
Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget, 1999, North American Industry Classification System, Indianapolis, JIST Works.
Feder,Ernest,1978, Strawberry Imperialism:An Enquiry into the Mechanism of
Dependency in Mexican Agriculture, The Hague; Institute of
Social Studies.
Fusonie, Alan E. `John Davis: Architect of the Agribusiness Concept Revisited`
Agricultural History, vol.69, No.2, pp.326-348.
Gallo,Anthoney E.,1996, Food Marketing Review, 1994-95, USDA, Agricultural Economic
Report Number 743.
-------,1998, The Food Marketing System in 1996, USDA, ERS, Agricultural
Information Bulletin No.743.
Goldberg, Ray A.,1974, Agribusiness management for Developing
Countries-Latin America, Cambridge,Mass.:Ballinger.
Hamilton, M.H., 1972 The Great American Grain Robbery and Other
Stories, Washington D.C.:Agribusiness Accountability Project.
Harris J. Michael and Magaret Malanoski, 1996, `U.S. Processed Foods Trade Surplus
Over $4.5 Billion in 1995,`USDA ERS, Food Review,
September-December,1996,pp.34-38.
Henderson, Dennis R., Charles R.Handy and Steven A. Neff, eds, 1996, Globalization of
the Processed Food Market, USDA Agricultural Economic Report No.742.
Hughes, David W. and R. Wes Harrison, 1997, A Comparison of the Size and Location
of Agribusiness Industries for Louisiana and Its Parishes:1982-1992, Louisiana
State University Agricultural Center
Kneen, Brewster, 1995, `The Invisible Giant: Cargill and its Transnational Strategies,`
The Ecologist vol.25. No.5. September/October 1995.pp,195-199.
Lappe, Frances Moore and Joseph Collins, 1977, Food First :Beyond the Myth of
Scarcity, Institute for food and Development Policy.
Ledogar, 1976, Hungry for Profits: U.S Food and Drug Multinationals
in Latin America(New York:IDOC)
Leopold, M.,1985, `The transnational Food Companies and Their Strategies`,
International Social Science Journal,vol 37,no 3,pp.315-330.
Lipton, Edmonson and Manchaster,1998, The Food and Fiber System: Contributing to the U.S. and World Economies. USDA, ERS, Agricultural Information Bulletin
No.742.
Mingione, Enzo and Enrico Pugliese,1994, “Rural Subsistence, Migration, Urbanization,
and the New Global Food Regime` Bonano Alessandro, Lawrence Busch,
William Friedland, Loudres Gouveia and Enzo Mingione, eds., From Columbus
to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, University Press of
Kansas, pp.52-68).
Mooney,Patrick H.,1986, `The Political Economy of Credit in American Agriculture`,
Rural Sociology 51(Winter),pp.449-470.
Morgan,D.,1980, Merchants of Grains. Penguin books.
Price, Charlene C., 1995, `Sales of Food Away From Home Expanding`, USDA,ERS,
Food Review, May-August 1995, pp.30-32.
-------------,1996, `The Foodservice Industry at a Glance, 1985-95`, USDA,ERS,
Food Review, September-December 1996, pp.11-13.
Rawlins, N.O., Introduction to Agribusiness, Prentice Hall
Reed Michael R. and Yulin Ning, 1996, `Foreign Investment Strategies of U.S.
Multinational Food Firms,`Ian M. Sheldon and Philip C. Abbott ed.,
Industrial Organization and Trade in the Food Industries, Westview Press.
pp.183-196.
Seitz, Wesley D., Gerald C. Nelson, Harold G. Halcrow, 1994, Economics of Resources,
Agriculture and Food, 1994, New York McGraw-Hill,Inc.
Solbrig, Otto T. and Dorothy J. Solbrig, 1994, So Shall You Reap: Farming and Crops
in Human Affairs, Washington D.C. Island Press.
Suter, Donna and Shida R. Henneberry,1996, `An Examination of the Structure, Conduct
and Performance of the U.S. Food Processing Industry`, Journal of Food
Products Marketing, Vol.3(2), pp.65-85.
USDA, ERS, 1997, International Agriculture and Trade Reports APEC Situation and
Outlook Series, WRS-97-4 August.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988, U.S. Industry & Trade Outlook `98,
The McGraw Hill Companies Inc.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1997, Survey of Current Business, vol. 77.
Vergapoulas,K.,1985, `The End of Agribusiness and The Emergence of
Biotechnology`, International Social Science Journal, vol 37,no 3,pp. 286-299.
Watt, Michael John, 1992, “Living under Contract: Work, Production Politics and the
Manufacture of Discontent in a Peasant Society`, Allan Pred and Michael
John Watts, Reworking Modernity: Capitalism and Symbolic Discontent,
New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press.
Work, John L.,1965, Cargill Beginning-An Account of Early
Years(Minneapolis, Cargill Incoporated).
박민선, 1998, “농업바이오테크놀로지의 쟁점들”, ꡔ농민과 사회ꡕ 1998년 겨울/통권 제19호,
한국농어촌사회연구소, pp.156-183.
조지 슈잔, 1982 ꡔ세계식량위기의 구조ꡕ(동녁).
Ackerman, Karen Z. 1996, `Agricultural Trade`, Nelson Fredrick J. and Lyle P. Schertz,
ed.,Provisions of the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of
1996, USDA, ERS, Agricultural Information Bulletin No.729, pp.32-42.
Anderson Margot and Richard Magleby, 1997, Agricultural Resource and Environmental
Indicators, 1996-97. USDA, Agricultural Handbook 712.
Andrilenas, Paul A., and Harry Vroomen,1990, ` Fertilizer,` Seven Farm Input
Industries, USDA,ERS, AER-635, Sept, pp.14-29.
Bolling, Christne, Steve Neff and Charles Handy, 1998, U.S. Foreign Direct Investment
In the Westren Hemisphere Processed food Industry, USDA, Agricultural
Economic Report No.760.
Bonano Alessandro, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Loudres Gouveia and Enzo
Mingione, 1994, From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture
and Food, University Press of Kansas.
Bonnen, James T., William P. Browne and David B. Schweikhardt,1996, `Further
Observations on the Changing Nature of National Agricultural Policy Decision
Process, 1946-1995,` Agricultural History, Vol.70. No.2, Spring 1996,pp.130-152.
Browne William P, 1988, Private Interests, Public Policy and American Agriculture,
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Burbach, Roger and Patrica Flynn,, 1980, Agribusiness in the America, Monthly Review
Press.
Cone, Richard A., and Emily Martin, 1997, “Corporeal Flows: The Immune System,
Global Economics of Food and Implications for Health, The Ecologist,
Vol.27, No.3, May/June, 1997,pp.107-111.
Cummins. Ronnie,1998, “ Monsanto and Fox TV Unite to Suppress Journalist`s Free
Speach on Hazards of Genetically Engineered Bovine Growth
Hormone(rBGHor rBST)`, http:/www.inmotiommagazine.com/fox.html
Dawkins, Kristin, 1997, “Bucking Biotech: the Global Threat of the New Agribusiness`,
Dollars and Sense, May/June 1997, pp.26-29.
Dunning,J.H. 1988, `The Electic Paradigm of International Production: A Restatement and
Some Possible Extensions,` Journal of International Business 19:1-31.
Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget, 1999, North American Industry Classification System, Indianapolis, JIST Works.
Feder,Ernest,1978, Strawberry Imperialism:An Enquiry into the Mechanism of
Dependency in Mexican Agriculture, The Hague; Institute of
Social Studies.
Fusonie, Alan E. `John Davis: Architect of the Agribusiness Concept Revisited`
Agricultural History, vol.69, No.2, pp.326-348.
Gallo,Anthoney E.,1996, Food Marketing Review, 1994-95, USDA, Agricultural Economic
Report Number 743.
-------,1998, The Food Marketing System in 1996, USDA, ERS, Agricultural
Information Bulletin No.743.
Goldberg, Ray A.,1974, Agribusiness management for Developing
Countries-Latin America, Cambridge,Mass.:Ballinger.
Hamilton, M.H., 1972 The Great American Grain Robbery and Other
Stories, Washington D.C.:Agribusiness Accountability Project.
Harris J. Michael and Magaret Malanoski, 1996, `U.S. Processed Foods Trade Surplus
Over $4.5 Billion in 1995,`USDA ERS, Food Review,
September-December,1996,pp.34-38.
Henderson, Dennis R., Charles R.Handy and Steven A. Neff, eds, 1996, Globalization of
the Processed Food Market, USDA Agricultural Economic Report No.742.
Hughes, David W. and R. Wes Harrison, 1997, A Comparison of the Size and Location
of Agribusiness Industries for Louisiana and Its Parishes:1982-1992, Louisiana
State University Agricultural Center
Kneen, Brewster, 1995, `The Invisible Giant: Cargill and its Transnational Strategies,`
The Ecologist vol.25. No.5. September/October 1995.pp,195-199.
Lappe, Frances Moore and Joseph Collins, 1977, Food First :Beyond the Myth of
Scarcity, Institute for food and Development Policy.
Ledogar, 1976, Hungry for Profits: U.S Food and Drug Multinationals
in Latin America(New York:IDOC)
Leopold, M.,1985, `The transnational Food Companies and Their Strategies`,
International Social Science Journal,vol 37,no 3,pp.315-330.
Lipton, Edmonson and Manchaster,1998, The Food and Fiber System: Contributing to the U.S. and World Economies. USDA, ERS, Agricultural Information Bulletin
No.742.
Mingione, Enzo and Enrico Pugliese,1994, “Rural Subsistence, Migration, Urbanization,
and the New Global Food Regime` Bonano Alessandro, Lawrence Busch,
William Friedland, Loudres Gouveia and Enzo Mingione, eds., From Columbus
to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, University Press of
Kansas, pp.52-68).
Mooney,Patrick H.,1986, `The Political Economy of Credit in American Agriculture`,
Rural Sociology 51(Winter),pp.449-470.
Morgan,D.,1980, Merchants of Grains. Penguin books.
Price, Charlene C., 1995, `Sales of Food Away From Home Expanding`, USDA,ERS,
Food Review, May-August 1995, pp.30-32.
-------------,1996, `The Foodservice Industry at a Glance, 1985-95`, USDA,ERS,
Food Review, September-December 1996, pp.11-13.
Rawlins, N.O., Introduction to Agribusiness, Prentice Hall
Reed Michael R. and Yulin Ning, 1996, `Foreign Investment Strategies of U.S.
Multinational Food Firms,`Ian M. Sheldon and Philip C. Abbott ed.,
Industrial Organization and Trade in the Food Industries, Westview Press.
pp.183-196.
Seitz, Wesley D., Gerald C. Nelson, Harold G. Halcrow, 1994, Economics of Resources,
Agriculture and Food, 1994, New York McGraw-Hill,Inc.
Solbrig, Otto T. and Dorothy J. Solbrig, 1994, So Shall You Reap: Farming and Crops
in Human Affairs, Washington D.C. Island Press.
Suter, Donna and Shida R. Henneberry,1996, `An Examination of the Structure, Conduct
and Performance of the U.S. Food Processing Industry`, Journal of Food
Products Marketing, Vol.3(2), pp.65-85.
USDA, ERS, 1997, International Agriculture and Trade Reports APEC Situation and
Outlook Series, WRS-97-4 August.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988, U.S. Industry & Trade Outlook `98,
The McGraw Hill Companies Inc.
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1997, Survey of Current Business, vol. 77.
Vergapoulas,K.,1985, `The End of Agribusiness and The Emergence of
Biotechnology`, International Social Science Journal, vol 37,no 3,pp. 286-299.
Watt, Michael John, 1992, “Living under Contract: Work, Production Politics and the
Manufacture of Discontent in a Peasant Society`, Allan Pred and Michael
John Watts, Reworking Modernity: Capitalism and Symbolic Discontent,
New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press.
Work, John L.,1965, Cargill Beginning-An Account of Early
Years(Minneapolis, Cargill Incoporated).
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