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_hwp_01_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (1 페이지)")
_hwp_02_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (2 페이지)")
_hwp_03_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (3 페이지)")
_hwp_04_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (4 페이지)")
_hwp_05_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (5 페이지)")
_hwp_06_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (6 페이지)")
_hwp_07_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (7 페이지)")
_hwp_08_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (8 페이지)")
_hwp_09_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (9 페이지)")
_hwp_10_.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (10 페이지)")
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_hwp_01.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (1 페이지)")
_hwp_02.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (2 페이지)")
_hwp_03.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (3 페이지)")
_hwp_04.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (4 페이지)")
_hwp_05.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (5 페이지)")
_hwp_06.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (6 페이지)")
_hwp_07.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (7 페이지)")
_hwp_08.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (8 페이지)")
_hwp_09.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (9 페이지)")
_hwp_10.gif "안면홍조 (Hot Flashes) (10 페이지)")
안면홍조 (Hot Flashes)
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안면홍조 (Hot Flashes).hwp
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안면홍조 (Hot Flashes).hwp
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자료설명
안면 홍조의 초기 형태와 그 양상은 여성들 사이에는 각기 차이가 있다. 그러나 안면홍조의 양상에 있어서 이들의 차이에 대한 생리적인 기본은 아직...
본문/내용
안면 홍조의 초기 형태와 그 양상은 여성들 사이에는 각기 차이가 있다. 그러나 안면홍조의 양상에 있어서 이들의 차이에 대한 생리적인 기본은 아직까지도 명확하게 설명되지 않는다.
일부 여성에서 안면홍조는 월경주기가 불규칙해지면서 시작한다.
안면홍조는 월경주기가 없어질때 발현하는 경향이 있고 월경주기가 다시 시작되면 없어진다.
또다른 여성에서 폐경전 월경주기가 아직도 규칙적일때도 안면홍조가 시작한다.
안면홍조가 폐경 수년후에 처음 시작하는 여성도 있다4). 안면홍조 발현에 대한 연령과 월경주기에 대한 연구가 별로 없지만 여성의 대부분은 안면홍조가 폐경전에 이미 시작한다는 보고가 있다4,5,6). 안면홍조 발현의 빈도, 강도 및 기간이 개개인에 따라서 다양하다. 안면홍조는 한달에 한번 혹은 매 30분마다 종종 일어난다. 안면홍조 없는 대부분의 여성들은 때때로 홍조를 느끼지만 여성의 10-15%는 대단히 자주, 심한 안면홍조를 나타낸다4). 빈번한 안면홍조 여성은 비교적 단기간내 안면홍조의 일관된 양상을 갖는다. 그러나 수개월 혹은 수년이상 개개인의 안면홍조 양상이 변화한다.
대부분 여성에서 안면홍조는 처음 주로 밤에 빈발하나 낮동안에도 일어난다. 일반적으로 안면홍조는 시간이 지나면 빈도가 감소하는 경향이 있다. 그러나 일부여성에서는 노령이 될때까지 빈번한 간격으로 계속한다4).
안면홍조의 강도는 하루의 과정에서 경증에서 대단히 심한 강도의 범위가 된다. 개개인의 안면홍조 발현은 3-6분 지속되며 드물게는 30분 이상 지속한다. 안면홍조가 가장 자주 경험한 시간의 기간은 6개월에서 2년이다. 일부 여성들은 안면홍조가 10년, 20년 혹은 40년까지 지속될 수 있다4,6,7). 비록 안면홍조가 종종 자연적으로 일어나지만 일부 여성들은 안면홍조에 대한 특별히 촉진시키는 요인이 있다. 즉 정신적인 스트레스나 더운날씨, 습기 있는 기후, 비좁은 공간, 카페인, 알콜 및 향료를 넣은 음식등에서처럼 종종 유발될 수 다4,8).
안면홍조가 없는 여성…
…
…
참고문헌
1. Feldman JM, Postlethwaite R.W, Glenn JF : Hot flashes and sweats in men with testicular insufficiency, Arch Intern Med 1976;136:606-608.
2. Steinfeld AD, Reinhardt C. Male climacteric after orchiectomy in patient with prostatic cancer, Urology 1980;16:620-622.
3. Defazio J, Meldrum DR, Winer JH, Judd HL, Direct action of androgen on hot flushes in the human male. Maturitas 1984;6:3-8.
4. Kronenberg F. Hot flashes : Epidemiology and physiology. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;592:52-86.
5. Thompson B, Hart SA, Durno D. Menopausal age and symptomatology in a general practice. J Biosoc Sci 1973;5:71-82.
6. Feldman BM, Voda AM, Gronseth E. The pervalence of hot flash and associated variables among perimenopausal women. Res Nurs Health 1985;8:261-268.
7. Berg G, Gottgall T, Hammar M, Lindgren R. Climacteric symptoms among women aged 60-62 min Linkoping, Sweden, in 1986. Maturitas 1988;10:193-199.
8. Voda AM. Climateric hot flash. Maturitas 1981;3:73-90.
9. Erlik Y, Meldrum DR, Judd HL. Estrogen levels in post menopausal women with hot flashes, Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:403-407.
10. Kronenberg F, Cote LJ, Linkie DM, Dyrenfurth I, Downey JA. Manopausal hot flashes : Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and circulating catecholamine and LH changes. Maturitas 1984;6:31-43.
11. Tataryn IV, Lomax P, Bajorek JG, Chesarck W, Meldrum DR, Judd HI, Postmenopausal hot flushes : a disorder of thermoregulation, Maturitas 1980;2:101-107.
12. Hagen C, Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Transbol I. Climacteric symptoms, fatmass and plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, Prl, estradiol-17β and androstenedione in the early post-menopausal period. Acta Endocrinol (copenh) 1982;l01:87-92.
13. Mango D, Scirpa P, Battaglia F, Bini E, Plasma androstenedione and estrogen levels in the climacteric syndrome. Maturitas 1984;5:245-250.
14. Bider D, Ben-Rafael Z, Mashiach S, Serr DM, Blankstein J, Hot flushes during Gn-RH analogue administration despite normal serum estradiol levels. Maturitas 1989;11:223-228.
15. Aksel S, Schomberg DW, Iyrey L, Hammond CB. Vasomoter symptoms, serum estrogens and gonadotropin levels in surgical menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;12:165-169.
16. Utian WH. The true clinical features of postmenopause and oophorectomy, and their response to estrogen therapy. S Afr Med J 1972;46:732-737.
17. DeFazio J, Meldrum DR, Laufer L, Vale W, Rivier J, Lu JKH, Judd HI. Induction of hot flashes in premenopausal women treated with a long-acting GnRH agonist J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:445-448.
18. Casper RJ, Yen SSC, Wilkes MM. Menopausal flushes : a neuroendocrine link with
pulsative luteinizing hormone secretion. Science 1979;205:823-825.
19. Yen SSC. The biology of menopause. J Reprod Med 1977;18:287-296.
20. Bohler CS-S, Greenblatt RB, The pathophysiology of the hot flash. In : Greenblatt RB, Mahesh VB, McDonough PG, eds, The menopausal syndrome. New York : Medcom Press : 1974;29-37.
21. Tataryn IV, Meldrum DR, LU KH, Frumar AM, Judd HI. LH, FSH and skin temperature during menopausal hot flush. J Clin Endocrinol Metah 1979;49:152-154.
22. Mulley G, Mitchell JRA, Tattersall RB. Hot flushes after hypophysectomy. Br Med J 1977;2:1062.
23. Casper RF, Yen SSC. Manopausal flushes : Effect of pituitary gonadotropin desensitization by a potent luteinizing hormone seleasing factor agonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53:1056-1058.
24. Ravnikar V. Elkind-Hirsch K, Schiff I, Ryan KJ, Tulchinsky D. Varomotor flushes and the release of peripheral immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 1984;41:881-887.
25. Proppe SW & Gale CC. Endocrine thermoregulatory responses to local hypothalamic warming in unanesthetized baboons. American Journal of physiology. 1970;219:202-207.
26. Abe T, Furuhash N, Yamaya Y, Wada Y, Hoshial A & Suzuki M. Correlation between climacteric symptoms and serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;129:65-67.
27. Meldrum DR, Erlik Y, Lu JHK & Judd HL. Objectively recorded hot flushes in patient with pituitary insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:684-687.
28. Menon V. Logan Edwards R, Lynch SS & Butt WR. LH-RH analogue in treatment of hypergonadotropin amenorrhea. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;90:539-542.
29. Neil JD, Patton JM, Dailly RA, Tsou RC & Tindall GT. LH-RH in pituitary stalk blood of rhesus monkeys : relationship to level of LH release. Endocrinology 1977;101:430-434.
30. PFaff DW & McEwen. Action of estrogen and progesterone nerve cells. Science 1983;219:808-814.
31. Barraclough CA & Wise PM. The role of catecholamines in the regulation of pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Endocrine Reviews. 1982;3:91-119.
32. Fuxe K, Lofstrom A, Eneroth P, et al. Involvement of central catecholamines in the feedback actions of 17 β-estradiol benzoate on LH-secretion in the ovariectomized female rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1977;2:203-225.
33. Yen SSC, Tsai CC, Naftolin F, Vandenberg G & Ajabor L. Pulsatile patterns of gonadotropin release in suljects with and without ovarian function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972;34:671-675.
34. Genazzani AR, Petraglia F, Facchinetti F et al. Increase of pro-opiomelanocortin -related peptides during subjecive menopausal flushes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;149:775.
35. Sylvester PW, Chin HTR & Meitz S. Effects of morphine and naloxone or phasic release of LH and FSH. Preceedings of the society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1920;162:207-411.
36. Reid RL, Hoff JD, Yen SSC & Li CH. Effect of exogenous β-endorphin on pituitary hormone secretion and its disappearance rate in normal human subjects. J clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:1179-1184.
37. Lightman SL, Jacobs HS, Maguire AK, MaGarrick G & Jeffcoate SC. Climacteric flusing : Clinical and endocrine response to infusion of naloxone. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1981a;88:919-924.
38. Simpkins JW, Katovich MJ & Cheng Song I. Similacities between morphine withdrawal in the rat and the menopausal hot flushes life science. 1983;32:1957-1966.
39. Coope J, Tomson JM, Poller L. Effects of natural estrogen replacement theory on menopausal symptoms and blood clotting. Br Med J 1975;4:139-143.
40. Campbell S, Whitehead M. Estrogen therapy and the menopausal sydrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1977;4:31-47.
41. Steingold KA. Treatment of hot flnshes with transdermal estradiol adminestration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:627-632.
42. Hass S, Walsh B, Evans S, Krache M, Ravnikar U, Schiff I. The effect of transdermal estradiol on hormone and metabolic dynamics over a six-week period. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:671-676.
43. Bullock JL, Marrey FM, Gambrell RD Jr. Use of medroxy-progesterone acetate to prevent menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46:135-168.
44. Morrison JC, Martin DC, Blair RA et al. The use of medroxyprogesterone a cetate for relief of climacteric symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;138:99-104.
45. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. A prospective one-year study of estrogen and progestin in postmenopausal women : Effects on clinical symptoms and lypoprotein lipids. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:759-766.
46. Clayden JR, Bell JW, Pollard P. Menopausal flushing : Double-blind trial of a non-hormonal medication. Br Med J 1974;1:409-412.
47. Tulandi T, Lal S, Kinch RA. Effect of intravenous clonidine on menopausal flushing and luteinizing hormone secretion. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1983;90:854-857.
48. Erkkola R, lisalo E, Punnonen R. The effect of propranolol and oxazepam on some vegetative menopausal symptoms. Ann Clin Res 1973;5::208-213.
49. Coope J, Williarms S, Patterson JS, A study of the effectiveness of propranolol in menopausal hot flushes. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1978;85:472-475.
50. Alcoff JM, Campbell D, Tribble D, Oldfield B, Cruess D. Double-blind placebo-controlled, Crossover trial propranolol as treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Clin Ther 1981;3:356-364.
51. Lebherz TB, French L. Nonhormonal treatment of the menopausal syndrome. Onstet Gynecol 1969;33:795-799.
52. Blatt MHG, Weisbader H, Kupperman HS. Vitamine E and Clinacteric syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1953;91:792-796.
53. Freedman RK, Woddwards. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes : evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:436-439.
54. Hammar M, Lindgren R, Wyon Y, Lundeberg T. Does acupuncture influence the freguency of postmenopausal hot flushes? NAMS 1991;76:[abstract].
55. Hammar M, Berg G, Lindgren R. Does physical exercise influence the freguency of postmenopausal hot flushes? Acta Obstet Gynecol scand 1990;69:409-412.
2. Steinfeld AD, Reinhardt C. Male climacteric after orchiectomy in patient with prostatic cancer, Urology 1980;16:620-622.
3. Defazio J, Meldrum DR, Winer JH, Judd HL, Direct action of androgen on hot flushes in the human male. Maturitas 1984;6:3-8.
4. Kronenberg F. Hot flashes : Epidemiology and physiology. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;592:52-86.
5. Thompson B, Hart SA, Durno D. Menopausal age and symptomatology in a general practice. J Biosoc Sci 1973;5:71-82.
6. Feldman BM, Voda AM, Gronseth E. The pervalence of hot flash and associated variables among perimenopausal women. Res Nurs Health 1985;8:261-268.
7. Berg G, Gottgall T, Hammar M, Lindgren R. Climacteric symptoms among women aged 60-62 min Linkoping, Sweden, in 1986. Maturitas 1988;10:193-199.
8. Voda AM. Climateric hot flash. Maturitas 1981;3:73-90.
9. Erlik Y, Meldrum DR, Judd HL. Estrogen levels in post menopausal women with hot flashes, Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:403-407.
10. Kronenberg F, Cote LJ, Linkie DM, Dyrenfurth I, Downey JA. Manopausal hot flashes : Thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and circulating catecholamine and LH changes. Maturitas 1984;6:31-43.
11. Tataryn IV, Lomax P, Bajorek JG, Chesarck W, Meldrum DR, Judd HI, Postmenopausal hot flushes : a disorder of thermoregulation, Maturitas 1980;2:101-107.
12. Hagen C, Christiansen C, Christensen MS, Transbol I. Climacteric symptoms, fatmass and plasma concentrations of LH, FSH, Prl, estradiol-17β and androstenedione in the early post-menopausal period. Acta Endocrinol (copenh) 1982;l01:87-92.
13. Mango D, Scirpa P, Battaglia F, Bini E, Plasma androstenedione and estrogen levels in the climacteric syndrome. Maturitas 1984;5:245-250.
14. Bider D, Ben-Rafael Z, Mashiach S, Serr DM, Blankstein J, Hot flushes during Gn-RH analogue administration despite normal serum estradiol levels. Maturitas 1989;11:223-228.
15. Aksel S, Schomberg DW, Iyrey L, Hammond CB. Vasomoter symptoms, serum estrogens and gonadotropin levels in surgical menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;12:165-169.
16. Utian WH. The true clinical features of postmenopause and oophorectomy, and their response to estrogen therapy. S Afr Med J 1972;46:732-737.
17. DeFazio J, Meldrum DR, Laufer L, Vale W, Rivier J, Lu JKH, Judd HI. Induction of hot flashes in premenopausal women treated with a long-acting GnRH agonist J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56:445-448.
18. Casper RJ, Yen SSC, Wilkes MM. Menopausal flushes : a neuroendocrine link with
pulsative luteinizing hormone secretion. Science 1979;205:823-825.
19. Yen SSC. The biology of menopause. J Reprod Med 1977;18:287-296.
20. Bohler CS-S, Greenblatt RB, The pathophysiology of the hot flash. In : Greenblatt RB, Mahesh VB, McDonough PG, eds, The menopausal syndrome. New York : Medcom Press : 1974;29-37.
21. Tataryn IV, Meldrum DR, LU KH, Frumar AM, Judd HI. LH, FSH and skin temperature during menopausal hot flush. J Clin Endocrinol Metah 1979;49:152-154.
22. Mulley G, Mitchell JRA, Tattersall RB. Hot flushes after hypophysectomy. Br Med J 1977;2:1062.
23. Casper RF, Yen SSC. Manopausal flushes : Effect of pituitary gonadotropin desensitization by a potent luteinizing hormone seleasing factor agonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;53:1056-1058.
24. Ravnikar V. Elkind-Hirsch K, Schiff I, Ryan KJ, Tulchinsky D. Varomotor flushes and the release of peripheral immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 1984;41:881-887.
25. Proppe SW & Gale CC. Endocrine thermoregulatory responses to local hypothalamic warming in unanesthetized baboons. American Journal of physiology. 1970;219:202-207.
26. Abe T, Furuhash N, Yamaya Y, Wada Y, Hoshial A & Suzuki M. Correlation between climacteric symptoms and serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;129:65-67.
27. Meldrum DR, Erlik Y, Lu JHK & Judd HL. Objectively recorded hot flushes in patient with pituitary insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:684-687.
28. Menon V. Logan Edwards R, Lynch SS & Butt WR. LH-RH analogue in treatment of hypergonadotropin amenorrhea. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;90:539-542.
29. Neil JD, Patton JM, Dailly RA, Tsou RC & Tindall GT. LH-RH in pituitary stalk blood of rhesus monkeys : relationship to level of LH release. Endocrinology 1977;101:430-434.
30. PFaff DW & McEwen. Action of estrogen and progesterone nerve cells. Science 1983;219:808-814.
31. Barraclough CA & Wise PM. The role of catecholamines in the regulation of pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion. Endocrine Reviews. 1982;3:91-119.
32. Fuxe K, Lofstrom A, Eneroth P, et al. Involvement of central catecholamines in the feedback actions of 17 β-estradiol benzoate on LH-secretion in the ovariectomized female rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1977;2:203-225.
33. Yen SSC, Tsai CC, Naftolin F, Vandenberg G & Ajabor L. Pulsatile patterns of gonadotropin release in suljects with and without ovarian function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972;34:671-675.
34. Genazzani AR, Petraglia F, Facchinetti F et al. Increase of pro-opiomelanocortin -related peptides during subjecive menopausal flushes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1984;149:775.
35. Sylvester PW, Chin HTR & Meitz S. Effects of morphine and naloxone or phasic release of LH and FSH. Preceedings of the society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1920;162:207-411.
36. Reid RL, Hoff JD, Yen SSC & Li CH. Effect of exogenous β-endorphin on pituitary hormone secretion and its disappearance rate in normal human subjects. J clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:1179-1184.
37. Lightman SL, Jacobs HS, Maguire AK, MaGarrick G & Jeffcoate SC. Climacteric flusing : Clinical and endocrine response to infusion of naloxone. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1981a;88:919-924.
38. Simpkins JW, Katovich MJ & Cheng Song I. Similacities between morphine withdrawal in the rat and the menopausal hot flushes life science. 1983;32:1957-1966.
39. Coope J, Tomson JM, Poller L. Effects of natural estrogen replacement theory on menopausal symptoms and blood clotting. Br Med J 1975;4:139-143.
40. Campbell S, Whitehead M. Estrogen therapy and the menopausal sydrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1977;4:31-47.
41. Steingold KA. Treatment of hot flnshes with transdermal estradiol adminestration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:627-632.
42. Hass S, Walsh B, Evans S, Krache M, Ravnikar U, Schiff I. The effect of transdermal estradiol on hormone and metabolic dynamics over a six-week period. Obstet Gynecol 1988;71:671-676.
43. Bullock JL, Marrey FM, Gambrell RD Jr. Use of medroxy-progesterone acetate to prevent menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 1975;46:135-168.
44. Morrison JC, Martin DC, Blair RA et al. The use of medroxyprogesterone a cetate for relief of climacteric symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980;138:99-104.
45. Sherwin BB, Gelfand MM. A prospective one-year study of estrogen and progestin in postmenopausal women : Effects on clinical symptoms and lypoprotein lipids. Obstet Gynecol 1989;73:759-766.
46. Clayden JR, Bell JW, Pollard P. Menopausal flushing : Double-blind trial of a non-hormonal medication. Br Med J 1974;1:409-412.
47. Tulandi T, Lal S, Kinch RA. Effect of intravenous clonidine on menopausal flushing and luteinizing hormone secretion. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1983;90:854-857.
48. Erkkola R, lisalo E, Punnonen R. The effect of propranolol and oxazepam on some vegetative menopausal symptoms. Ann Clin Res 1973;5::208-213.
49. Coope J, Williarms S, Patterson JS, A study of the effectiveness of propranolol in menopausal hot flushes. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1978;85:472-475.
50. Alcoff JM, Campbell D, Tribble D, Oldfield B, Cruess D. Double-blind placebo-controlled, Crossover trial propranolol as treatment for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Clin Ther 1981;3:356-364.
51. Lebherz TB, French L. Nonhormonal treatment of the menopausal syndrome. Onstet Gynecol 1969;33:795-799.
52. Blatt MHG, Weisbader H, Kupperman HS. Vitamine E and Clinacteric syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1953;91:792-796.
53. Freedman RK, Woddwards. Behavioral treatment of menopausal hot flushes : evaluation by ambulatory monitoring. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:436-439.
54. Hammar M, Lindgren R, Wyon Y, Lundeberg T. Does acupuncture influence the freguency of postmenopausal hot flushes? NAMS 1991;76:[abstract].
55. Hammar M, Berg G, Lindgren R. Does physical exercise influence the freguency of postmenopausal hot flushes? Acta Obstet Gynecol scand 1990;69:409-412.
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