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코포라티즘에서 신자유주의로?
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자료설명
노동조합과 정부(PRI)의 이러한 결합은 멕시코 정부가 “멕시코 혁명”의 정부, 민중의 정부, 노동자의 정부라는 이데올로기적 신비화를 대중에게...
본문/내용
노동조합과 정부(PRI)의 이러한 결합은 멕시코 정부가 “멕시코 혁명”의 정부, 민중의 정부, 노동자의 정부라는 이데올로기적 신비화를 대중에게 가져다 준다. 노동조합의 정부 지지는 멕시코 국가의 가장 중요한 이데올로기적 정당성의 기반이 되고 있는 것이다. PRI가 1978년 스스로를 ‘노동자 정당(workers‘ party)’이라 규정했던 에피소드가 말해주듯이, 이 이데올로기는 어떤 의미에서든 멕시코에서는 강력한 대중적인 정치적 호소력을 지니고 있다.
멕시코의 이러한 국가-노동간의 긴밀한 유착관계는 과거 권위주의적 포퓰리즘 정치체제 하에서의 아르헨티나나 브라질 등 남미 국가들, 그리고 권위주의 정권 하의 한국과 대만 혹은 싱가포르의 계급정치 구조와 구분되는 매우 독특한 것이었다. 가장 중요한 차이는 국가가 노동부문에 대하여 정당을 매개로 해서 상징적 수준을 훨씬 넘어서서 실질적으로 유의미할 정도의 정치적 대표성(political representation)과 정책적 참여의 권한을 부여했고, 이것이 안정적으로 유지될 수 있을 제도적 기반이 확보되어 있었다는 점이다. 게다가 80년대 경제위기 이전까지는 적어도 노동계급의 핵심부문을 이 체제의 정치적 지지기반으로 안정적으로 확보하고 필요할 경우 이들을 직접적으로 동원화(mobilize)할 수 있을 만큼의 실질적인 경제적 혜택을 부여하고 있었다는 점(국가가 이를 위한 경제적 자원-국영기업-을 장악하고 있었다는 점)도 중요한 차이이다. 이 때문에 한 걸음 물러서서 보면 이 체제는 마치 잘 짜여진 사회주의 정치경제체제로 비추어지기도 한다.
참고문헌
** 출처: EIU(1997)
Alejandro Alvarez Bejar(1991), `Economic Crisis and the Labor Movement in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Adriana Lopez Monjardin(1991), `Organization and Struggle among Agricultural Workers in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Bazdresch etc.(1993), `Privatization: The Mexican Case`, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 33(Annual).
Bello, Walden(1998), `The End of Asian Miracle: What Should a Program of Radical Reform - Not Free-Trade Nostrums - Look Like?`, The Nation, Vol. 266, No. 2 (Jan. 12/19, 1998)
Bierma, Paige(1998), `Working in Progress: Mexican Labor Marches into New Millennium`, Business Mexico, February 1998.
Bureau of International Affairs(1997), Foreign Labor Trends: Mexico 1995-96, U.S. Department of Labor.
Carr, Barry(1991), `Labor and Political Left in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Cevallos, Diego(1997), `Wage Raise Equivalent to Price of a Liter of Milk`, in(APC e-mail network: Dec. 29, 1997).
Cevallos, Diego(1998), `Mexico: The Trials of Record Economic Growth`, in(APC e-mail network: Feb. 18, 1998).
Dan La Botz(1990), Rank and File Rebellion: Teamsters for a Democratic Union, Verso.
Dan La Botz(1992), Mask of Democracy: Labor Supression in Mexico Today, South End Press.
EIU, EIU Country Report (4th Quarter 1997), The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.
Enrique de la Garza Toledo(1991), `Independent Trade Unionism in Mexico: Past Developments and Future Perspective`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Fatemi, Khosrow(1990), The Maquiladora Industry: Economic Solution or Problem?, Praeger.
Franco G. S.(1991), “Labor Law and Labor Movement in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Geer, C. R. and Stephens, G. K.(1996), `Employee Relations Issues for U.S. Companies in Mexico`, California Management Review, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Spring).
Grayson, George W.(1990), “The Labor Movement`, in Prospects for Democracy in Mexico, Transaction Publishers.
Hart-Landsberg, M.(1998), `The Asian Crisis: Causes and Consequences`, Against the Current, Vol. XII, No. 7(March/April).
Human Rights Watch(1996), `Mexico: Labor Rights and NAFTA: A Case Study`, Human Rights Watch/Americas Report, Vol. 8, No. 8(B) (September).
Jones, Jeff(1997), `Are Exports Unlimited?`, Business Mexico, June 1997.
Jorge Carillo V.(1991), `The Evolution of the Maquiladora Industory: Labor Relations in a New Context`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
J. Fernando Franco G. S.(1991), `Labor Law and the Labor Movement in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1989), `Union Democratization in the Mexican Automobile Industry: A Reappraisal`, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Spring).
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1989), `The Sound of Silence: Organized Labor`s Response to Economic Crisis in Mexico`, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May)
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1991), `State-Labor Relations in Mexico: The Changing Economic and Political Context`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1991), Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1995), The Paradox of Revolution, Jones Hopkins University Press.
Miguel Angel Centeno(1994), Democracy within Reason: Technocratic Revolution in Mexico, The pennsylvania State University Press.
MNLA, Mexican Labor News and Analysis(MNLA), Vol. 1, No. 1(January 1996) to Vol. 3, No. 7(March 30, 1998).
Moody, Kim(1997), `Towards an International Social-Movement Unionism`, New Left Review, No. 225 (September/October).
Pahl, R. E. & Winklerm J, T.(1976), ` Corparatism in Britain`, in Center for Studies in Social Policy, The Corporate State-Reality or Myth?, CSSP.
Russell, Philip L.(1994), Mexico under Salinas, Mexico Resource Center.
Schmidt Samuel(1991), The Detrioration of the Mexican Presidency: The Years of Luis Echeverria, The University of Arizona Press.
Sernau, Scott(1994), Economics of Exclusion: Underclass Poverty and Labor Market Change in Mexico, Praeger.
Stoddard, Ellwyn R.(1987), Maquila: Assembly Plants in Northern Mexici, Texas Western Press.
Valdes Ugalde, F.(1994), `From Bank Nationalization to State Reform: Business and the New Mexican Order`, in Middlebrook ect. eds., The Politics of Economic Restructuring: State-Society Relations and Regime Change in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Vanderbush, W.(1996), `Mexican Labor in the Era of Economic Restructuring and NAFTA: Working to Creat a Favorable Investment Climate`, Labor Studies Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Winter).
Victor Manuel Durant Ponte(1991), `The Confederation of Mexican Workers, the Labor Congress, and the Crisis of Mexico`s Social Pact`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Whitehead, L.(1991), `Mexico`s Economic prospects: Implications for State-Labor Relations`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Wilke, James ed.(1987), Statistical Abstract of Latin America, UCLA Latin American Center.
Mexican Labor News and Analysis, Vol. No.
Wright, Jeff(1997), `For Sale, For Better or For Worse`, Business Mexico, Vol. VII-10(October)
김상조(1997), “IMF 구제금융이 한국경제에 미치는 영향”, 『한국경제의 현황과 노동운동의 대응방향』, 한국노동이론정책연구소, 민주와 진보를 위한 지식인연대.
김준(1998), “멕시코 고용노사관계”, 『입법조사연구』(98년 4월호).
삼성경제연구소(1997), 『IMF와 한국경제』.
유종근(1998), 『IMF, 알아야 이긴다』, 조선일보사.
윤진호(1997), “IMF 구제금융과 고용위기:어떻게 대응할 것인가?”, 전국민주노동조합총연맹, 『IMF 구제금융과 한국경제·고용위기: 어떻게 대응할것인가?』(정책토론회 자료집, 1997. 12. 11)
장상환(1998), “외환위기의 원인과 IMF구제금융의 방향”, 전국민주노동조합총연맹, 『‘98년 전국 단위노조 대표자 수련대회 자료집』(1998. 1. 8-9).
조돈문(1996), “멕시코 노동운동 이중구조의 형성과 재생산”, 『라틴아메리카연구』, 제 9권 1호.
최범수(1998), “IMF와 한국경제”, 전국민주노동조합총연맹, 『‘98년 전국 단위노조 대표자 수련대회 자료집』(1998. 1. 8-9).
멕시코의 최근 경제지표
==================================================================================
경제지표 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GDP (10억불) 334.3 403.2 421.7 286.8 334.7
실질성장률 2.8 0.7 3.5 -6.2 5.1 5.9 4.9
소비자물가 인상률 15.5 9.7 6.9 35.0 35.2 16.1 13.1
인구(백만명) 88.2 90.0 91.8 93.7 95.4
상품수출(백만불) 46,196 51,885 60,879 79,543 96,000 109,000 120,202
상품수입(백만불) 62,130 65,366 79,346 72,454 89,469 110,100 126,500
무역수지(백만불) -24,442 -23,400 -29,418 -651 -1,922 -8,500 -14,500
총외채(10억불) 112.3 131.6 140.0 165.7 174.2 177.5 188.9
외채/GDP (%) 33.9 35.9 28.0 39.8 51.6
환률(페소:1불) 3.09 3.12 3.38 6.42 7.60 8.01 8.83
===================================================================================
* 1997, 1998은 추정 및 예상치
** 출처: EIU(1997)
Alejandro Alvarez Bejar(1991), `Economic Crisis and the Labor Movement in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Adriana Lopez Monjardin(1991), `Organization and Struggle among Agricultural Workers in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Bazdresch etc.(1993), `Privatization: The Mexican Case`, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Vol. 33(Annual).
Bello, Walden(1998), `The End of Asian Miracle: What Should a Program of Radical Reform - Not Free-Trade Nostrums - Look Like?`, The Nation, Vol. 266, No. 2 (Jan. 12/19, 1998)
Bierma, Paige(1998), `Working in Progress: Mexican Labor Marches into New Millennium`, Business Mexico, February 1998.
Bureau of International Affairs(1997), Foreign Labor Trends: Mexico 1995-96, U.S. Department of Labor.
Carr, Barry(1991), `Labor and Political Left in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Cevallos, Diego(1997), `Wage Raise Equivalent to Price of a Liter of Milk`, in
Cevallos, Diego(1998), `Mexico: The Trials of Record Economic Growth`, in
Dan La Botz(1990), Rank and File Rebellion: Teamsters for a Democratic Union, Verso.
Dan La Botz(1992), Mask of Democracy: Labor Supression in Mexico Today, South End Press.
EIU, EIU Country Report (4th Quarter 1997), The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited.
Enrique de la Garza Toledo(1991), `Independent Trade Unionism in Mexico: Past Developments and Future Perspective`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Fatemi, Khosrow(1990), The Maquiladora Industry: Economic Solution or Problem?, Praeger.
Franco G. S.(1991), “Labor Law and Labor Movement in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Geer, C. R. and Stephens, G. K.(1996), `Employee Relations Issues for U.S. Companies in Mexico`, California Management Review, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Spring).
Grayson, George W.(1990), “The Labor Movement`, in Prospects for Democracy in Mexico, Transaction Publishers.
Hart-Landsberg, M.(1998), `The Asian Crisis: Causes and Consequences`, Against the Current, Vol. XII, No. 7(March/April).
Human Rights Watch(1996), `Mexico: Labor Rights and NAFTA: A Case Study`, Human Rights Watch/Americas Report, Vol. 8, No. 8(B) (September).
Jones, Jeff(1997), `Are Exports Unlimited?`, Business Mexico, June 1997.
Jorge Carillo V.(1991), `The Evolution of the Maquiladora Industory: Labor Relations in a New Context`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
J. Fernando Franco G. S.(1991), `Labor Law and the Labor Movement in Mexico`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1989), `Union Democratization in the Mexican Automobile Industry: A Reappraisal`, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Spring).
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1989), `The Sound of Silence: Organized Labor`s Response to Economic Crisis in Mexico`, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2 (May)
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1991), `State-Labor Relations in Mexico: The Changing Economic and Political Context`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1991), Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Middlebrook, Kevin J.(1995), The Paradox of Revolution, Jones Hopkins University Press.
Miguel Angel Centeno(1994), Democracy within Reason: Technocratic Revolution in Mexico, The pennsylvania State University Press.
MNLA, Mexican Labor News and Analysis(MNLA), Vol. 1, No. 1(January 1996) to Vol. 3, No. 7(March 30, 1998).
Moody, Kim(1997), `Towards an International Social-Movement Unionism`, New Left Review, No. 225 (September/October).
Pahl, R. E. & Winklerm J, T.(1976), ` Corparatism in Britain`, in Center for Studies in Social Policy, The Corporate State-Reality or Myth?, CSSP.
Russell, Philip L.(1994), Mexico under Salinas, Mexico Resource Center.
Schmidt Samuel(1991), The Detrioration of the Mexican Presidency: The Years of Luis Echeverria, The University of Arizona Press.
Sernau, Scott(1994), Economics of Exclusion: Underclass Poverty and Labor Market Change in Mexico, Praeger.
Stoddard, Ellwyn R.(1987), Maquila: Assembly Plants in Northern Mexici, Texas Western Press.
Valdes Ugalde, F.(1994), `From Bank Nationalization to State Reform: Business and the New Mexican Order`, in Middlebrook ect. eds., The Politics of Economic Restructuring: State-Society Relations and Regime Change in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Vanderbush, W.(1996), `Mexican Labor in the Era of Economic Restructuring and NAFTA: Working to Creat a Favorable Investment Climate`, Labor Studies Journal, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Winter).
Victor Manuel Durant Ponte(1991), `The Confederation of Mexican Workers, the Labor Congress, and the Crisis of Mexico`s Social Pact`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Whitehead, L.(1991), `Mexico`s Economic prospects: Implications for State-Labor Relations`, in Middlebrook, Kevin J., Unions, Workers, and the State in Mexico, University of California, San Diego.
Wilke, James ed.(1987), Statistical Abstract of Latin America, UCLA Latin American Center.
Mexican Labor News and Analysis, Vol. No.
Wright, Jeff(1997), `For Sale, For Better or For Worse`, Business Mexico, Vol. VII-10(October)
김상조(1997), “IMF 구제금융이 한국경제에 미치는 영향”, 『한국경제의 현황과 노동운동의 대응방향』, 한국노동이론정책연구소, 민주와 진보를 위한 지식인연대.
김준(1998), “멕시코 고용노사관계”, 『입법조사연구』(98년 4월호).
삼성경제연구소(1997), 『IMF와 한국경제』.
유종근(1998), 『IMF, 알아야 이긴다』, 조선일보사.
윤진호(1997), “IMF 구제금융과 고용위기:어떻게 대응할 것인가?”, 전국민주노동조합총연맹, 『IMF 구제금융과 한국경제·고용위기: 어떻게 대응할것인가?』(정책토론회 자료집, 1997. 12. 11)
장상환(1998), “외환위기의 원인과 IMF구제금융의 방향”, 전국민주노동조합총연맹, 『‘98년 전국 단위노조 대표자 수련대회 자료집』(1998. 1. 8-9).
조돈문(1996), “멕시코 노동운동 이중구조의 형성과 재생산”, 『라틴아메리카연구』, 제 9권 1호.
최범수(1998), “IMF와 한국경제”, 전국민주노동조합총연맹, 『‘98년 전국 단위노조 대표자 수련대회 자료집』(1998. 1. 8-9).
멕시코의 최근 경제지표
==================================================================================
경제지표 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GDP (10억불) 334.3 403.2 421.7 286.8 334.7
실질성장률 2.8 0.7 3.5 -6.2 5.1 5.9 4.9
소비자물가 인상률 15.5 9.7 6.9 35.0 35.2 16.1 13.1
인구(백만명) 88.2 90.0 91.8 93.7 95.4
상품수출(백만불) 46,196 51,885 60,879 79,543 96,000 109,000 120,202
상품수입(백만불) 62,130 65,366 79,346 72,454 89,469 110,100 126,500
무역수지(백만불) -24,442 -23,400 -29,418 -651 -1,922 -8,500 -14,500
총외채(10억불) 112.3 131.6 140.0 165.7 174.2 177.5 188.9
외채/GDP (%) 33.9 35.9 28.0 39.8 51.6
환률(페소:1불) 3.09 3.12 3.38 6.42 7.60 8.01 8.83
===================================================================================
* 1997, 1998은 추정 및 예상치
** 출처: EIU(1997)
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