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3) 정보 관리자(information manager)
기존의 교육에서 교사는 교육내용의 주 전달자의 역할을 수행해 왔다. 그러나 정보화시대의...
기존의 교육에서 교사는 교육내용의 주 전달자의 역할을 수행해 왔다. 그러나 정보화시대의...
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3) 정보 관리자(information manager)
기존의 교육에서 교사는 교육내용의 주 전달자의 역할을 수행해 왔다. 그러나 정보화시대의 교육에서는 학습자가 피동적인 관찰자의 역할에서 탈피하여 자신에게 필요한 정보를 스스로 찾아 학습할 수 있는 적극적인 정보처리참여자로서의 능력을 구비하도록 협력하는 교사의 역할이 요청되고 있다. 즉 교사는 교육내용의 ‘창고(repository)’의 역할을 지양하고, 학습자가 정보와 직접 접촉할 수 있는 학습환경을 조성하는 정보의 ‘통로(conduit)’ 역할을 지향해야 한다.
Cunningham(1993)에 따르면 교사는 학습자가 필요한 정보를 효과적이고 효율적으로 수집하는 방법을 제공하고, 다양한 자료원을 통해 얻을 수 있는 과다한 양의 정보 중에 유용한 정보 여부를 판단할 수 있는 통찰력을 기를 수 있도록 배려해야 한다. 이러한 맥락에서 Chang(1991)은 학생들이 컴퓨터를 이용한 학습에서 보여주는 4가지 탐색 전략을 다음과 같이 제시하면서 교사의 역할은 “무목적의 탐색자”보다는 “통합적 분석자”를 육성하는 데에 있다고 주장하고 있다.
기존의 교육에서 교사는 교육내용의 주 전달자의 역할을 수행해 왔다. 그러나 정보화시대의 교육에서는 학습자가 피동적인 관찰자의 역할에서 탈피하여 자신에게 필요한 정보를 스스로 찾아 학습할 수 있는 적극적인 정보처리참여자로서의 능력을 구비하도록 협력하는 교사의 역할이 요청되고 있다. 즉 교사는 교육내용의 ‘창고(repository)’의 역할을 지양하고, 학습자가 정보와 직접 접촉할 수 있는 학습환경을 조성하는 정보의 ‘통로(conduit)’ 역할을 지향해야 한다.
Cunningham(1993)에 따르면 교사는 학습자가 필요한 정보를 효과적이고 효율적으로 수집하는 방법을 제공하고, 다양한 자료원을 통해 얻을 수 있는 과다한 양의 정보 중에 유용한 정보 여부를 판단할 수 있는 통찰력을 기를 수 있도록 배려해야 한다. 이러한 맥락에서 Chang(1991)은 학생들이 컴퓨터를 이용한 학습에서 보여주는 4가지 탐색 전략을 다음과 같이 제시하면서 교사의 역할은 “무목적의 탐색자”보다는 “통합적 분석자”를 육성하는 데에 있다고 주장하고 있다.
(1) 무목적 탐색자: 정보에 대한 탐색이 특정 목표나 목적도 없이 무작위적으로 수행된다. 무목적 탐색자는 특정 주제에 대한 호기심을 가지고 있으나 문제의식, 방향성, 계획 등이 거의 없이 피상적으로 여러 주제를 섭렵하는 특징을 보여준다.
(2) 사실을 수집하는 자: 정보에 대한 탐색은 흥미에 의해, 그리고 특정 주제와 관련이 없는 질문에 의해 유도된다. 관심을 두고 있는 주제 내에서 구체적 사실을 획득하는 데 탐색활동이 수행되지만 정보의 선택에 있어 여러 개념들 간의 관계성을 무시한 채 진행한다.
(3) 인과관계적 탐색자: 정보에 대한 탐색은 특정 주제와 관련해서 몇몇 제한된 질문에 의해 수행되지만 이러한 탐색의 결과를 폭넓게 이해하거나 구체적인 결과를 구성하는데 반영하는 측면에서 미흡함을 보여준다.
(4) 통합적 분석자: 탐색자는 탐색된 정보를 관련된 전체상황과의 관계성 속에서 명확하게 이해하며, 구체적이고 유용한 결과를 산출하는 데 활용하고, 선정된 정보들 사이에 논리적인 연계성을 찾으려 노력한다. 또한 정보를 탐색하는 데 있어 포괄적인 탐색전략 속에서 정보를 통합하려고 시도한다
참고문헌
교육개혁위원회(1995). 세계화・정보화 시대를 주도하는 신교육체제 수립을 위한 교육개혁방안, 제2차 대통령보고서.
교육개혁위원회(1울뜰). 세계화・정보화 시대를 주도하는 신교육체제 수립을 위한 교육개혁방안, 제3차 대통령보고서.
교육개혁위원회(1996). 세계화・정보화 시대를 주도하는 신교육체제 수립을 위한 교육개혁방안, 제4차 대통령보고서.
이인숙(1996). 교육공학의 역할 재규명을 위한 연구. 교육학연구, 34권, 5호. 한국교육학회.
Aston, M., & Fakhro, S. Q. (1992). Implications for change in teacher education strategies offered by the new information technologies. Descriptive report in ERIC (ED 353 245).
Back, S. M., & McCombs, B. L. (1984). Factors critical to the implementation of self-paced instruction: A background review, (AFHRL-TP-84-24). Lowry AFB, CO: Air Force Human Resources Laboratory
Blickhan, D. S. (1992). The teacher`s role in integrated learning systems. Educational Technology, 32(9), 46-48.
Borko, H., & Niles, J, 4. (1987). Description of teacher planning: Ideas for teachers and researchers. In V. Richardson-Koehler(Ed.), Educator` handbook: A research perspective. New York, NY: Longman.
Bozeman, W. C., & Baumbach, D. J. (1995). Educational technology: Best practices from America`s schools. Princeton Junction, NJ: Eye on Education.
Brophy, J. E., & Good, 7. L. (1986). Teacher behavior and student achievement. In M.C. Wittrock (Ed.), Third Handbook of Research on Teaching. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Carlson, S. A., & Silverman, R. (1986). Microcomputers and computer-assisted instruction in special classrooms: Do we need the teacher? Learning Disability Quarterly, 9(B), 105-110.
Chang, C. K. (1991). The effects of cognitive complexity, need for cognition and orientation toward learning on information search strategies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN.
Clark, C. M., & Peterson, p. L. (1986). Teacher`s thought processes. In M.C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan.
Cunningham, A. (1993). Multimedia and multiethnic learning: Visionaries and illusionaries. Paper presented at the 3rd International symposium of the International Visual Literacy Association. Delphi, Greece.
D`Amico, J. J. (1990). Application report: Three lessons I learned from a year of computer-based instruction. Joumd of Computer-based Instruction, 17(3), 103-109.
Duffy, T. M. (1997). Strategic teaching framework: An instructional model for learning complex, interactive skills. In C. R. Dills and A. J. Romiszowski(eds.), Instructional development paradigms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Ely, D. P., Foley, A., Freeman, W., & Scheel, N. (1995). Trends in educational technology 1991. In G. J. Anglin, (Ed.), Instructional technology: past present, and future (2nd cd.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Epstein, K., & Hillegeist, E. (1990). The role of Human intelligence in computer-based intelligent tutoring systems. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA.
Finkel, D. L., & Monk, G. S. (1983). Teachers and learning groups: Dissolution of the Atlas complex. In C. Boston and R.Y. Garth(Eds.), Learning in groups. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Fischer, M. J. (1996). Integrated learning systems: An application linking technology with human factors and pedagogical principles. Educational Technology Research and Development, 44(4), 65-72.
Frazee, B. M., & Rudnitski, R. A. (1995), Integrated teaching methods: Theory, classroom applications, and field-based connections. Albany: NY: Delmar Publishers.
Hackbarth, S. (1996). Educational technology handbook: A comprehensive guide. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Hannafin, R. D., & Savenye, W. C. (1993). Technology in the classroom : The teacher`s new role and resistance to it. Educational Technology, 26-31.
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (1996). Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Hiemstra, R., & Sisco, B. (1997). Individualizing instruction: Making learning personal, empowering, and successful. San francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Hoffman, R. J. (1982). Microcomputers, evaluation, literacy: Will the teacher survive? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15(6), 370-372.
Keegan, M. (1995). Scenario educational software: design and development of discovery learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Kellogg, T. M., & Leonard, C. (1987). Teacher behavior in whole class computer-mediated instruction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Washington, DC.
Komoski, K. P. (1981). Instructional materials: Products or processes. Journal of Special Education technology, 4(3), 36.
Laszlo, A., & Castro, K. (1995). Technology and value: interactive learning environments for future generations. Educational Technology, 7-13.
Masterman, L. (1993). Teaching the media. London, UK: Comedic.
McArthur, C. A., & Haynes, J., Malouf, D., Taymans, J., Mattson, B, & Dreifuss, 5. (1985). Implementation of microcomputers in educational programs for mildly handicapped students (Technical report No. 107). College Park, MD: University of Maryland.
McCombs, B. L., & Dobrovolny, J. L. (1980). Theoretical definition of instructor role in computer-managed instruction (NPRDC Tech. Note 80-10). San Diego, CA: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.
McDaniel, E., Mclnerney, W., Armstrong, p. (1993). Computers and School Reform. Educational Technology Research and Development, 41(1), 73-78.
Moore, B. M. (1988). Achievement in basic math skills for low Performing students: A study of teachers` affect and CAI. Journal of Experimental Education, 57, 38-44.
Oliver, R. & Reeves, T. C. (1996). Dimensions of effective interactive learning with telematics for distance learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 44(4), 45-56.
Pettersson, R. (1993). Visual information. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Pettersson, R. (1994). Learning in the information age. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(1), 91-99.
Reigeluth, C. M. (1995). Educational systems development and its relationship to ISD. In G. J. Anglin, (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (2nd ed.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Rieth, H., Bahr, C., Okolo, C., Polsgrove, L., & Eckert, R. (1988). An analysis of the impact of microcomputers on the secondary special education classroom ecology. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 4, 425-442.
Rosenshine, B. (1983). Teaching functions in instructional programs. The elementary School Journal, 83, 335-351.
Roth, G., & Tesolowski, D. (1986). Planning, executing, and evaluating competency-based instruction. Microcomputer applications for vocational teachers: A competency-based approach - Book C. Pocatello, ID: Idaho State University.
Schofield, J. W. (1995). Computers and classroom culture. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Simonson, M. R., & Thompson, A. (1994). Educational Computing Foundations. New York, NY: Macmillan College publishing Company.
Shu Ching Yang. (1996). Designing instructional applications using constructive hypermedia. Educational Technology, 36, 45-50.
Sisco, B. (1997). The individualizing instruction model for adult learners. In C. R. Dills and A. J. Romiszowski(eds.), Instructional development paradigms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Stephenson, 5. D. (1990). A first look at the role of the instructor in computer-based training. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Military Testing Association.
Stephenson, S. D. (1991). Maximizing achievement in computer-based training (CBT): The role of the instructor and other variables (Technical report AL-TP-1991-0004). Brooks AFB, TX: Armstrong Lab.
Stern, P., & Shavelson, R. J. (1983). Reading teachers` judgements, plans, and decision making. The Reading Teacher, 37(3), 280-286.
Suppes, P., & Fortune, R. F. (1985). Computer-assisted instruction: Possibilities and Problems. NASSP bulletin, 69(480), 30-34.
Vockell, E., & Luncsford, D. (1986). Managing computer-assisted instruction in the classroom. The Clearing House, 59, 263-268.
Weller, L. D. (1983). The teacher and computerized technology: A teaching partnership in the cognitive and affective domain. The Clearing House, 57(4), 149-152.
White, C. S., & Hubbard, C. (1988). Computers and education. New York, NY: Macmillan.
교육개혁위원회(1울뜰). 세계화・정보화 시대를 주도하는 신교육체제 수립을 위한 교육개혁방안, 제3차 대통령보고서.
교육개혁위원회(1996). 세계화・정보화 시대를 주도하는 신교육체제 수립을 위한 교육개혁방안, 제4차 대통령보고서.
이인숙(1996). 교육공학의 역할 재규명을 위한 연구. 교육학연구, 34권, 5호. 한국교육학회.
Aston, M., & Fakhro, S. Q. (1992). Implications for change in teacher education strategies offered by the new information technologies. Descriptive report in ERIC (ED 353 245).
Back, S. M., & McCombs, B. L. (1984). Factors critical to the implementation of self-paced instruction: A background review, (AFHRL-TP-84-24). Lowry AFB, CO: Air Force Human Resources Laboratory
Blickhan, D. S. (1992). The teacher`s role in integrated learning systems. Educational Technology, 32(9), 46-48.
Borko, H., & Niles, J, 4. (1987). Description of teacher planning: Ideas for teachers and researchers. In V. Richardson-Koehler(Ed.), Educator` handbook: A research perspective. New York, NY: Longman.
Bozeman, W. C., & Baumbach, D. J. (1995). Educational technology: Best practices from America`s schools. Princeton Junction, NJ: Eye on Education.
Brophy, J. E., & Good, 7. L. (1986). Teacher behavior and student achievement. In M.C. Wittrock (Ed.), Third Handbook of Research on Teaching. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Carlson, S. A., & Silverman, R. (1986). Microcomputers and computer-assisted instruction in special classrooms: Do we need the teacher? Learning Disability Quarterly, 9(B), 105-110.
Chang, C. K. (1991). The effects of cognitive complexity, need for cognition and orientation toward learning on information search strategies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN.
Clark, C. M., & Peterson, p. L. (1986). Teacher`s thought processes. In M.C. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan.
Cunningham, A. (1993). Multimedia and multiethnic learning: Visionaries and illusionaries. Paper presented at the 3rd International symposium of the International Visual Literacy Association. Delphi, Greece.
D`Amico, J. J. (1990). Application report: Three lessons I learned from a year of computer-based instruction. Joumd of Computer-based Instruction, 17(3), 103-109.
Duffy, T. M. (1997). Strategic teaching framework: An instructional model for learning complex, interactive skills. In C. R. Dills and A. J. Romiszowski(eds.), Instructional development paradigms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Ely, D. P., Foley, A., Freeman, W., & Scheel, N. (1995). Trends in educational technology 1991. In G. J. Anglin, (Ed.), Instructional technology: past present, and future (2nd cd.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Epstein, K., & Hillegeist, E. (1990). The role of Human intelligence in computer-based intelligent tutoring systems. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA.
Finkel, D. L., & Monk, G. S. (1983). Teachers and learning groups: Dissolution of the Atlas complex. In C. Boston and R.Y. Garth(Eds.), Learning in groups. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Fischer, M. J. (1996). Integrated learning systems: An application linking technology with human factors and pedagogical principles. Educational Technology Research and Development, 44(4), 65-72.
Frazee, B. M., & Rudnitski, R. A. (1995), Integrated teaching methods: Theory, classroom applications, and field-based connections. Albany: NY: Delmar Publishers.
Hackbarth, S. (1996). Educational technology handbook: A comprehensive guide. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Hannafin, R. D., & Savenye, W. C. (1993). Technology in the classroom : The teacher`s new role and resistance to it. Educational Technology, 26-31.
Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J. D., & Smaldino, S. E. (1996). Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Hiemstra, R., & Sisco, B. (1997). Individualizing instruction: Making learning personal, empowering, and successful. San francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Hoffman, R. J. (1982). Microcomputers, evaluation, literacy: Will the teacher survive? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15(6), 370-372.
Keegan, M. (1995). Scenario educational software: design and development of discovery learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Kellogg, T. M., & Leonard, C. (1987). Teacher behavior in whole class computer-mediated instruction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Washington, DC.
Komoski, K. P. (1981). Instructional materials: Products or processes. Journal of Special Education technology, 4(3), 36.
Laszlo, A., & Castro, K. (1995). Technology and value: interactive learning environments for future generations. Educational Technology, 7-13.
Masterman, L. (1993). Teaching the media. London, UK: Comedic.
McArthur, C. A., & Haynes, J., Malouf, D., Taymans, J., Mattson, B, & Dreifuss, 5. (1985). Implementation of microcomputers in educational programs for mildly handicapped students (Technical report No. 107). College Park, MD: University of Maryland.
McCombs, B. L., & Dobrovolny, J. L. (1980). Theoretical definition of instructor role in computer-managed instruction (NPRDC Tech. Note 80-10). San Diego, CA: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.
McDaniel, E., Mclnerney, W., Armstrong, p. (1993). Computers and School Reform. Educational Technology Research and Development, 41(1), 73-78.
Moore, B. M. (1988). Achievement in basic math skills for low Performing students: A study of teachers` affect and CAI. Journal of Experimental Education, 57, 38-44.
Oliver, R. & Reeves, T. C. (1996). Dimensions of effective interactive learning with telematics for distance learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 44(4), 45-56.
Pettersson, R. (1993). Visual information. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Pettersson, R. (1994). Learning in the information age. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(1), 91-99.
Reigeluth, C. M. (1995). Educational systems development and its relationship to ISD. In G. J. Anglin, (Ed.), Instructional technology: Past, present, and future (2nd ed.). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, Inc.
Rieth, H., Bahr, C., Okolo, C., Polsgrove, L., & Eckert, R. (1988). An analysis of the impact of microcomputers on the secondary special education classroom ecology. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 4, 425-442.
Rosenshine, B. (1983). Teaching functions in instructional programs. The elementary School Journal, 83, 335-351.
Roth, G., & Tesolowski, D. (1986). Planning, executing, and evaluating competency-based instruction. Microcomputer applications for vocational teachers: A competency-based approach - Book C. Pocatello, ID: Idaho State University.
Schofield, J. W. (1995). Computers and classroom culture. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Simonson, M. R., & Thompson, A. (1994). Educational Computing Foundations. New York, NY: Macmillan College publishing Company.
Shu Ching Yang. (1996). Designing instructional applications using constructive hypermedia. Educational Technology, 36, 45-50.
Sisco, B. (1997). The individualizing instruction model for adult learners. In C. R. Dills and A. J. Romiszowski(eds.), Instructional development paradigms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Stephenson, 5. D. (1990). A first look at the role of the instructor in computer-based training. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Military Testing Association.
Stephenson, S. D. (1991). Maximizing achievement in computer-based training (CBT): The role of the instructor and other variables (Technical report AL-TP-1991-0004). Brooks AFB, TX: Armstrong Lab.
Stern, P., & Shavelson, R. J. (1983). Reading teachers` judgements, plans, and decision making. The Reading Teacher, 37(3), 280-286.
Suppes, P., & Fortune, R. F. (1985). Computer-assisted instruction: Possibilities and Problems. NASSP bulletin, 69(480), 30-34.
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